Questions and Answers
The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes (?) wastes.
nitrogenous
It is also a major homeostatic organ because it maintains the electrolyte, (?) and (?) balance of the blood.
water; acid-base
Urine is continuously formed by the (?) and is routed down the (?) by the mechanism of (?) to a storage organ called the (?);
kidneys; ureters; peristalsis; urinary bladder
Eventually, the urine is conducted to the body exterior by the (?);
Signup and view all the answers
In males, this tubelike structure is about (?) inches long; in females, it is approximately (?) inches long.
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Intraperitoneal, Kidney, Retroperitoneal, Superior lumbar region?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Drains kidney, Ureter, Urethra, Renal pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Peritubular capillaries, Reabsorption, Glomerulus, Low-pressure vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Distal tubule, Glomerulus, Afferent arteriole?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Glomerulus, Peritubular capillaries, Blood vessels, Collecting duct?
Signup and view all the answers
The glomerulus is a unique high-pressure capillary bed because the (?) arteriole feeding it is larger in diameter than the (?) arteriole draining the bed.
Signup and view all the answers
Glomerular filtrate is very similar to (?), but it has fewer proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
Mechanisms of tubular reabsorption include (?) and (?).
Signup and view all the answers
As an aid for the reabsorption process, the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have dense (?) on their luminal surface, which increase the surface area dramatically.
Signup and view all the answers
Other than reabsorption, an important tubule function is (?), which is important for ridding the body of substances not already in the filtrate.
Signup and view all the answers
Blood composition depends on (?), (?), and (?).
Signup and view all the answers
In a day's time, 180 liters of blood plasma are filtered into the kidney tubules, but only about (?) liters of urine are actually produced.
Signup and view all the answers
(?) is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine.
Signup and view all the answers
The three major nitrogenous wastes found in the blood, which must be disposed of are (?), (?), and (?).
Signup and view all the answers
The kidneys are the final 'judges' of how much water is to be lost from the body. When water loss via vaporization from the (?) or (?) from the skin is excessive, urine output (?).
Signup and view all the answers
If the kidneys become nonfunctional, (?) is used to cleanse the blood of impurities.
Signup and view all the answers
More acidic or basic? Protein-rich diet
Signup and view all the answers
More acidic or basic? Bacterial infection
Signup and view all the answers
More acidic or basic? Starvation
Signup and view all the answers
More acidic or basic? Diabetes mellitus
Signup and view all the answers
More acidic or basic? Vegetarian diet
Signup and view all the answers
Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Drinking excessive fluids
Signup and view all the answers
Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Chronic renal failure
Signup and view all the answers
Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Using diuretics
Signup and view all the answers
Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Pus (white blood cells)
Signup and view all the answers
Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Albumin
Signup and view all the answers
Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Red blood cells
Signup and view all the answers
Presence of red blood cells- cause
Signup and view all the answers
Presence of ketones- cause
Signup and view all the answers
Presence of albumin- cause
Signup and view all the answers
Presence of pus- cause
Signup and view all the answers
Presence of bile- cause
Signup and view all the answers
Presence of 'sand'- cause
Signup and view all the answers
Presence of glucose- cause
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the reason for the absence of glucose in urine.
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the reason for the absence of albumin in urine.
Signup and view all the answers
By what three methods is H+ concentration in body fluids regulated?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these methods is the fastest?
Signup and view all the answers
Which acts slowly but is most important for acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method removes CO2 from the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Female adult, Male adult, About 50% water, Less muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Obese adult, Lean adult, Less body water, More adipose tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: ECF, Interstitial fluid, Intracellular fluid, Plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Electric charge, Nonelectrolyte, Ions, Conducts a current?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: up Water output, down Na+ concentration, up ADH, down ADH?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Aldosterone, up Na+ reabsorption, up K+ reabsorption, up BP?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Bladder, Kidney, Transitional epithelium, Detrusor muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Trigone, Ureter opening, Urethral opening, Bladder, Forms urine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Surrounded by prostate gland, Contains internal and external sphincters, Continuous with renal pelvis, Urethra?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term doesn't belong: Prostatic, Male, Female, Membranous, Spongy?
Signup and view all the answers
The urethra drains the bladder.
Signup and view all the answers
The bladder is a storage area for urine.
Signup and view all the answers
The bladder contains the trigone.
Signup and view all the answers
The urethra, in males, has prostatic, membranous, and spongy parts.
Signup and view all the answers
The ureter conducts urine by peristalsis.
Signup and view all the answers
The urethra is substantially longer in males than in females.
Signup and view all the answers
The ureter is a common site of 'trapped' renal calculi.
Signup and view all the answers
The bladder contains transitional epithelium.
Signup and view all the answers
The urethra also transports sperm in males.
Signup and view all the answers
Another term that means voiding or emptying of the bladder is (?).
Signup and view all the answers
Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary aspects. As urine accumulates in the bladder, (?) are activated.
Signup and view all the answers
This results in a reflex that causes the muscular wall of the bladder to (?), and urine is forced past the (?) sphincter.
Signup and view all the answers
The more distal (?) sphincter is controlled (?); thus an individual can temporarily postpone emptying the bladder until it has accumulated (?) mL of urine.
Signup and view all the answers
(?) is a condition in which voiding cannot be voluntarily controlled.
Signup and view all the answers
It is normal in (?) because nervous control of the voluntary sphincter has not been achieved.
Signup and view all the answers
Other conditions that might result in an inability to control the sphincter include (?) and (?).
Signup and view all the answers
(?) is essentially the opposite of incontinence and often is a problem in elderly men because of (?) enlargement.
Signup and view all the answers
Cystitis is an inflammatory condition common in women with poor toileting habits.
Signup and view all the answers
Hydronephrosis is the backup of urine into the kidney; often a result of a blockage in the urinary tract.
Signup and view all the answers
______ is a toxic condition caused by renal failure.
Signup and view all the answers
______ is inflammation of a kidney.
Signup and view all the answers
A condition in which excessive amounts of urine are produced because of a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is (?).
Signup and view all the answers
Dropping of the kidney to a more inferior position in the abdomen; may result from a rapid weight loss that decreases the fatty cushion surrounding the kidney is (?).
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- The kidneys are excretory organs that eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body.
- Key roles of kidneys include maintaining electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance in blood.
Urine Formation and Transportation
- Urine is continuously produced by the kidneys.
- It travels through ureters to the urinary bladder via peristalsis.
- The urethra conducts urine to the outside of the body.
Urethra Anatomy
- The male urethra is approximately 8 inches (20 cm) long; the female urethra is about 1-2 inches (4 cm) long.
- Major components of the urinary system include the urethra, bladder, and ureters.
Nephron Structure and Types
- Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons are two main types of nephrons in the kidneys.
- The glomerulus is a significant capillary bed, operating under high pressure due to the size difference between afferent and efferent arterioles.
Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerular filtrate resembles blood plasma but contains fewer proteins due to selective filtration.
- Tubular reabsorption mechanisms include diffusion and active transport, with microvilli in proximal convoluted tubules enhancing absorption efficiency.
Urine Composition and Production
- Major nitrogenous wastes include urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
- Normally, 180 liters of blood plasma are filtered daily, leading to approximately 1-2 liters of urine.
- Urochrome gives urine its yellow color, and urine composition is influenced by diet and metabolic activities.
Kidney Function and Regulation
- The kidneys perform functions like water regulation and controlling the body’s acid-base balance.
- Conditions like dehydration or excessive water loss affect urine output.
Urinary System Disorders
- Incontinence: Loss of voluntary control over voiding, common in infants, toddlers, and conditions such as pregnancy.
- Urinary retention: Difficulty in voiding, often seen in elderly men due to prostate enlargement.
- Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder, commonly found in women with poor toileting habits.
- Hydronephrosis: Backup of urine into the kidney, often due to urinary tract blockage.
- Uremia: Toxic condition from renal failure leading to accumulation of waste products.
- Diabetes insipidus: Involves excessive urine production due to decreased ADH.
Urinary Diagnostics
- The presence of substances in urine (e.g., glucose, ketones, albumin) can indicate underlying health issues.
- Chemical buffering, respiratory adjustments, and renal regulation work together to maintain H+ ion concentration in body fluids.
Electrolyte vs. Nonelectrolyte
- Electrolytes are solutes that dissociate into ions, playing crucial roles in osmotic power and fluid balance.
- Nonelectrolytes include substances like lipids and monosaccharides, which do not conduct electricity when dissolved.
Miscellaneous Terminology
- Micturition: The act of voiding or emptying the bladder.
- Ptosis: Describes the dropping of a kidney to a lower position, often due to loss of surrounding fat.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the structure and functions of the urinary system in this quiz. Topics include urine formation, kidney anatomy, and nephron types. Test your knowledge about how the body maintains fluid balance and eliminates wastes.