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Questions and Answers
The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes (?) wastes.
The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes (?) wastes.
nitrogenous
It is also a major homeostatic organ because it maintains the electrolyte, (?) and (?) balance of the blood.
It is also a major homeostatic organ because it maintains the electrolyte, (?) and (?) balance of the blood.
water; acid-base
Urine is continuously formed by the (?) and is routed down the (?) by the mechanism of (?) to a storage organ called the (?);
Urine is continuously formed by the (?) and is routed down the (?) by the mechanism of (?) to a storage organ called the (?);
kidneys; ureters; peristalsis; urinary bladder
Eventually, the urine is conducted to the body exterior by the (?);
Eventually, the urine is conducted to the body exterior by the (?);
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In males, this tubelike structure is about (?) inches long; in females, it is approximately (?) inches long.
In males, this tubelike structure is about (?) inches long; in females, it is approximately (?) inches long.
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Which term doesn't belong: Intraperitoneal, Kidney, Retroperitoneal, Superior lumbar region?
Which term doesn't belong: Intraperitoneal, Kidney, Retroperitoneal, Superior lumbar region?
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Which term doesn't belong: Drains kidney, Ureter, Urethra, Renal pelvis?
Which term doesn't belong: Drains kidney, Ureter, Urethra, Renal pelvis?
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Which term doesn't belong: Peritubular capillaries, Reabsorption, Glomerulus, Low-pressure vessels?
Which term doesn't belong: Peritubular capillaries, Reabsorption, Glomerulus, Low-pressure vessels?
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Which term doesn't belong: Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Distal tubule, Glomerulus, Afferent arteriole?
Which term doesn't belong: Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Distal tubule, Glomerulus, Afferent arteriole?
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Which term doesn't belong: Glomerulus, Peritubular capillaries, Blood vessels, Collecting duct?
Which term doesn't belong: Glomerulus, Peritubular capillaries, Blood vessels, Collecting duct?
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The glomerulus is a unique high-pressure capillary bed because the (?) arteriole feeding it is larger in diameter than the (?) arteriole draining the bed.
The glomerulus is a unique high-pressure capillary bed because the (?) arteriole feeding it is larger in diameter than the (?) arteriole draining the bed.
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Glomerular filtrate is very similar to (?), but it has fewer proteins.
Glomerular filtrate is very similar to (?), but it has fewer proteins.
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Mechanisms of tubular reabsorption include (?) and (?).
Mechanisms of tubular reabsorption include (?) and (?).
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As an aid for the reabsorption process, the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have dense (?) on their luminal surface, which increase the surface area dramatically.
As an aid for the reabsorption process, the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have dense (?) on their luminal surface, which increase the surface area dramatically.
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Other than reabsorption, an important tubule function is (?), which is important for ridding the body of substances not already in the filtrate.
Other than reabsorption, an important tubule function is (?), which is important for ridding the body of substances not already in the filtrate.
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Blood composition depends on (?), (?), and (?).
Blood composition depends on (?), (?), and (?).
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In a day's time, 180 liters of blood plasma are filtered into the kidney tubules, but only about (?) liters of urine are actually produced.
In a day's time, 180 liters of blood plasma are filtered into the kidney tubules, but only about (?) liters of urine are actually produced.
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(?) is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine.
(?) is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine.
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The three major nitrogenous wastes found in the blood, which must be disposed of are (?), (?), and (?).
The three major nitrogenous wastes found in the blood, which must be disposed of are (?), (?), and (?).
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The kidneys are the final 'judges' of how much water is to be lost from the body. When water loss via vaporization from the (?) or (?) from the skin is excessive, urine output (?).
The kidneys are the final 'judges' of how much water is to be lost from the body. When water loss via vaporization from the (?) or (?) from the skin is excessive, urine output (?).
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If the kidneys become nonfunctional, (?) is used to cleanse the blood of impurities.
If the kidneys become nonfunctional, (?) is used to cleanse the blood of impurities.
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More acidic or basic? Protein-rich diet
More acidic or basic? Protein-rich diet
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More acidic or basic? Bacterial infection
More acidic or basic? Bacterial infection
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More acidic or basic? Starvation
More acidic or basic? Starvation
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More acidic or basic? Diabetes mellitus
More acidic or basic? Diabetes mellitus
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More acidic or basic? Vegetarian diet
More acidic or basic? Vegetarian diet
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Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Drinking excessive fluids
Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Drinking excessive fluids
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Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Chronic renal failure
Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Chronic renal failure
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Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Using diuretics
Increase or decrease in urine specific gravity? Using diuretics
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Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Pus (white blood cells)
Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Pus (white blood cells)
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Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Albumin
Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Albumin
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Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Red blood cells
Greater (G) or Lesser (L) concentration in urine than in glomerular filtrate or Absent (A) in both? Red blood cells
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Presence of red blood cells- cause
Presence of red blood cells- cause
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Presence of ketones- cause
Presence of ketones- cause
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Presence of albumin- cause
Presence of albumin- cause
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Presence of pus- cause
Presence of pus- cause
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Presence of bile- cause
Presence of bile- cause
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Presence of 'sand'- cause
Presence of 'sand'- cause
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Presence of glucose- cause
Presence of glucose- cause
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Explain the reason for the absence of glucose in urine.
Explain the reason for the absence of glucose in urine.
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Explain the reason for the absence of albumin in urine.
Explain the reason for the absence of albumin in urine.
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By what three methods is H+ concentration in body fluids regulated?
By what three methods is H+ concentration in body fluids regulated?
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Which of these methods is the fastest?
Which of these methods is the fastest?
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Which acts slowly but is most important for acid-base balance?
Which acts slowly but is most important for acid-base balance?
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Which method removes CO2 from the body?
Which method removes CO2 from the body?
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Which term doesn't belong: Female adult, Male adult, About 50% water, Less muscle?
Which term doesn't belong: Female adult, Male adult, About 50% water, Less muscle?
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Which term doesn't belong: Obese adult, Lean adult, Less body water, More adipose tissue?
Which term doesn't belong: Obese adult, Lean adult, Less body water, More adipose tissue?
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Which term doesn't belong: ECF, Interstitial fluid, Intracellular fluid, Plasma?
Which term doesn't belong: ECF, Interstitial fluid, Intracellular fluid, Plasma?
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Which term doesn't belong: Electric charge, Nonelectrolyte, Ions, Conducts a current?
Which term doesn't belong: Electric charge, Nonelectrolyte, Ions, Conducts a current?
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Which term doesn't belong: up Water output, down Na+ concentration, up ADH, down ADH?
Which term doesn't belong: up Water output, down Na+ concentration, up ADH, down ADH?
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Which term doesn't belong: Aldosterone, up Na+ reabsorption, up K+ reabsorption, up BP?
Which term doesn't belong: Aldosterone, up Na+ reabsorption, up K+ reabsorption, up BP?
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Which term doesn't belong: Bladder, Kidney, Transitional epithelium, Detrusor muscle?
Which term doesn't belong: Bladder, Kidney, Transitional epithelium, Detrusor muscle?
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Which term doesn't belong: Trigone, Ureter opening, Urethral opening, Bladder, Forms urine?
Which term doesn't belong: Trigone, Ureter opening, Urethral opening, Bladder, Forms urine?
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Which term doesn't belong: Surrounded by prostate gland, Contains internal and external sphincters, Continuous with renal pelvis, Urethra?
Which term doesn't belong: Surrounded by prostate gland, Contains internal and external sphincters, Continuous with renal pelvis, Urethra?
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Which term doesn't belong: Prostatic, Male, Female, Membranous, Spongy?
Which term doesn't belong: Prostatic, Male, Female, Membranous, Spongy?
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The urethra drains the bladder.
The urethra drains the bladder.
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The bladder is a storage area for urine.
The bladder is a storage area for urine.
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The bladder contains the trigone.
The bladder contains the trigone.
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The urethra, in males, has prostatic, membranous, and spongy parts.
The urethra, in males, has prostatic, membranous, and spongy parts.
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The ureter conducts urine by peristalsis.
The ureter conducts urine by peristalsis.
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The urethra is substantially longer in males than in females.
The urethra is substantially longer in males than in females.
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The ureter is a common site of 'trapped' renal calculi.
The ureter is a common site of 'trapped' renal calculi.
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The bladder contains transitional epithelium.
The bladder contains transitional epithelium.
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The urethra also transports sperm in males.
The urethra also transports sperm in males.
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Another term that means voiding or emptying of the bladder is (?).
Another term that means voiding or emptying of the bladder is (?).
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Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary aspects. As urine accumulates in the bladder, (?) are activated.
Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary aspects. As urine accumulates in the bladder, (?) are activated.
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This results in a reflex that causes the muscular wall of the bladder to (?), and urine is forced past the (?) sphincter.
This results in a reflex that causes the muscular wall of the bladder to (?), and urine is forced past the (?) sphincter.
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The more distal (?) sphincter is controlled (?); thus an individual can temporarily postpone emptying the bladder until it has accumulated (?) mL of urine.
The more distal (?) sphincter is controlled (?); thus an individual can temporarily postpone emptying the bladder until it has accumulated (?) mL of urine.
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(?) is a condition in which voiding cannot be voluntarily controlled.
(?) is a condition in which voiding cannot be voluntarily controlled.
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It is normal in (?) because nervous control of the voluntary sphincter has not been achieved.
It is normal in (?) because nervous control of the voluntary sphincter has not been achieved.
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Other conditions that might result in an inability to control the sphincter include (?) and (?).
Other conditions that might result in an inability to control the sphincter include (?) and (?).
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(?) is essentially the opposite of incontinence and often is a problem in elderly men because of (?) enlargement.
(?) is essentially the opposite of incontinence and often is a problem in elderly men because of (?) enlargement.
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Cystitis is an inflammatory condition common in women with poor toileting habits.
Cystitis is an inflammatory condition common in women with poor toileting habits.
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Hydronephrosis is the backup of urine into the kidney; often a result of a blockage in the urinary tract.
Hydronephrosis is the backup of urine into the kidney; often a result of a blockage in the urinary tract.
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______ is a toxic condition caused by renal failure.
______ is a toxic condition caused by renal failure.
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______ is inflammation of a kidney.
______ is inflammation of a kidney.
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A condition in which excessive amounts of urine are produced because of a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is (?).
A condition in which excessive amounts of urine are produced because of a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is (?).
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Dropping of the kidney to a more inferior position in the abdomen; may result from a rapid weight loss that decreases the fatty cushion surrounding the kidney is (?).
Dropping of the kidney to a more inferior position in the abdomen; may result from a rapid weight loss that decreases the fatty cushion surrounding the kidney is (?).
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Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- The kidneys are excretory organs that eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body.
- Key roles of kidneys include maintaining electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance in blood.
Urine Formation and Transportation
- Urine is continuously produced by the kidneys.
- It travels through ureters to the urinary bladder via peristalsis.
- The urethra conducts urine to the outside of the body.
Urethra Anatomy
- The male urethra is approximately 8 inches (20 cm) long; the female urethra is about 1-2 inches (4 cm) long.
- Major components of the urinary system include the urethra, bladder, and ureters.
Nephron Structure and Types
- Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons are two main types of nephrons in the kidneys.
- The glomerulus is a significant capillary bed, operating under high pressure due to the size difference between afferent and efferent arterioles.
Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerular filtrate resembles blood plasma but contains fewer proteins due to selective filtration.
- Tubular reabsorption mechanisms include diffusion and active transport, with microvilli in proximal convoluted tubules enhancing absorption efficiency.
Urine Composition and Production
- Major nitrogenous wastes include urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
- Normally, 180 liters of blood plasma are filtered daily, leading to approximately 1-2 liters of urine.
- Urochrome gives urine its yellow color, and urine composition is influenced by diet and metabolic activities.
Kidney Function and Regulation
- The kidneys perform functions like water regulation and controlling the body’s acid-base balance.
- Conditions like dehydration or excessive water loss affect urine output.
Urinary System Disorders
- Incontinence: Loss of voluntary control over voiding, common in infants, toddlers, and conditions such as pregnancy.
- Urinary retention: Difficulty in voiding, often seen in elderly men due to prostate enlargement.
- Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder, commonly found in women with poor toileting habits.
- Hydronephrosis: Backup of urine into the kidney, often due to urinary tract blockage.
- Uremia: Toxic condition from renal failure leading to accumulation of waste products.
- Diabetes insipidus: Involves excessive urine production due to decreased ADH.
Urinary Diagnostics
- The presence of substances in urine (e.g., glucose, ketones, albumin) can indicate underlying health issues.
- Chemical buffering, respiratory adjustments, and renal regulation work together to maintain H+ ion concentration in body fluids.
Electrolyte vs. Nonelectrolyte
- Electrolytes are solutes that dissociate into ions, playing crucial roles in osmotic power and fluid balance.
- Nonelectrolytes include substances like lipids and monosaccharides, which do not conduct electricity when dissolved.
Miscellaneous Terminology
- Micturition: The act of voiding or emptying the bladder.
- Ptosis: Describes the dropping of a kidney to a lower position, often due to loss of surrounding fat.
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Description
Explore the structure and functions of the urinary system in this quiz. Topics include urine formation, kidney anatomy, and nephron types. Test your knowledge about how the body maintains fluid balance and eliminates wastes.
