Urinary System and Kidney Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the main excretory organ in the body?

  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • Kidney (correct)
  • Pancreas

    • Which anatomical feature of the kidney is associated with renal vessels and lymphatics?

  • Hilum (correct)
  • Medulla
  • Cortex
  • Pelvis

    • How many lobes does a human kidney typically consist of?

  • 6-12 lobes
  • 8-18 lobes (correct)
  • 5-7 lobes
  • 10-15 lobes

    • What type of tissue primarily composes the parenchyma of the kidney?

    <p>Compound tubular gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nephrons in the kidney?

    <p>Producing urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of endothelium lines the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Fenestrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the renal pelvis comprised of?

    <p>Minor calyces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the connective tissue between renal lobes and lobules?

    <p>Scanty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arteries do interlobar arteries give rise to at the cortico-medullary junction?

    <p>Arcuate arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed by the efferent arterioles in cortical nephrons?

    <p>Peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins drain the arteriolae rectae in the medulla?

    <p>Venae rectae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue lines the ureter?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lower third of the ureter, which additional muscle layer is present?

    <p>Outer longitudinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the folds of the urinary bladder wall when it is distended?

    <p>They disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the lumen of the ureter?

    <p>Stellate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of podocytes in the renal system?

    <p>They create the glomerular filtrate and regenerate the basement membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of Bowman's capsule is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

    <p>Outer parietal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure prevents the passage of larger particles during filtration?

    <p>Filtration slits and diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the composition of the podocyte's cytoplasm?

    <p>Rich in mitochondria, Golgi body, and rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pedicles in relation to podocytes?

    <p>Extensions of podocyte primary processes that embrace glomerular capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the lamina rara externa and lamina rara interna?

    <p>Both are non-cellular layers with a similar structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of juxtaglomerular cells?

    <p>Secretion of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about the macula densa?

    <p>It is part of the distal convoluted tubule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin in the renal structure?

    <p>In the cortex at the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the extra-glomerular mesangial cells located?

    <p>Between the afferent and efferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the well-developed basement membrane?

    <p>Glycoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary embryonic origin of the collecting tubules?

    <p>Different from the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do several medullary collecting tubules contribute to the renal structure?

    <p>They merge to create the duct of Bellini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the juxtaglomerular cells' structure from typical smooth muscle cells?

    <p>Absence of internal elastic lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the collecting tubules in the kidney?

    <p>Concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is primarily noted in the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Long microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the thick ascending part of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule compare in terms of their structure and function?

    <p>Both have a similar structure and function to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the thin descending part of the loop of Henle?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the distal convoluted tubule compared to the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Lumen is narrower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily impermeable to water?

    <p>Thick ascending part of the loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular feature is prominent in the basal part of the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Basal infoldings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the acidophilicity of the distal convoluted tubule cells?

    <p>Less acidophilic than proximal convoluted tubule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule compared to the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>It has a brush border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System

    • The urinary system is responsible for forming urine, removing waste products, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
    • It is composed of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.

    Kidney

    • The kidney is the primary excretory organ.
    • It has a bean shape, measuring 11cm long, 5cm wide, and 2cm thick.
    • Its outer layer is called the cortex, and the inner layer is called the medulla.
    • The kidney is surrounded by a tough capsule with peri-renal fat for support.
    • Its interior (renal sinus) contains renal vessels, lymphatics, sympathetic nerves, and the ureter's pelvis.
    • The renal pelvis is divided into major calyces, then minor calyces, and finally minor calyces.

    Kidney Structure and Histology

    • The kidney is composed of many functional units called nephrons (millions per kidney).
    • The kidney's cortex shows convoluted tubules, loops of Henle, and collecting tubules, giving it a striated appearance.
    • Medullary pyramids are conical masses within the medulla.
    • Medullary rays extend into the cortex containing tubules.
    • The renal lobe consists of one medullary pyramid and its associated cortical tissue.
    • The renal lobule is composed of one medullary ray and adjacent cortical tissues.

    Nephron Structure

    • Nephrons are the fundamental structural and functional units of the kidney.
    • Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle (Malpighian corpuscle), the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle (with descending and ascending limbs), and the distal convoluted tubule.
    • The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus (a capillary network) and Bowman's capsule.
    • The glomerulus is fenestrated endothelium, a basement membrane, and podocytes lining the Bowman's capsule.
    • Podocytes have foot processes (pedicles) with filtration slits creating a blood-renal barrier.

    Tubular Structure

    • Proximal convoluted tubule: Highly convoluted, reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and nutrients. Has microvilli at the apical surface, and a basal striation.
    • Loop of Henle: Descending limb is permeable to water and impermeable to sodium, ascending limb is impermeable to water and permeable to sodium.
    • Distal convoluted tubule: Actively reabsorbs sodium, secretes potassium and hydrogen ions, and helps in acid-base balance.
    • Collecting tubules: Collecting tubules converge to form larger ducts. The ducts collect urine from many nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis. Collecting ducts concentrate urine by reabsorbing water from the filtrate.

    Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

    • The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and contains Juxtaglomerular cells from the afferent arteriole and macula densa cells from the distal convoluted tubule.
    • Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin and the macula densa monitors sodium levels in the filtrate.

    Renal Circulation

    • Renal arteries branch into interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries.
    • Afferent arterioles supply the glomeruli for filtration
    • Efferent arterioles lead to peritubular capillaries.
    • Capsular space receives the glomerular filtrate.

    Ureter

    • Transports urine from kidneys to bladder.
    • Its wall has transitional epithelium, smooth muscle layers (inner longitudinal, outer circular), and adventitia.

    Urinary Bladder

    • Stores urine.
    • The wall's structure is transitional epithelium within lamina propria with elastic fibers, and a smooth muscle layer.
    • It has folds which disappear upon distension (filling).

    Urethra

    • Transports urine from bladder to outside body.
    • The female urethra is shorter than the male's, and has stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium.
    • The male urethra can carry both urine and semen.
    • The urethra's wall changes from transitional to stratified squamous epithelium.

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    Essentials of Human Histology: Urinary System PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the urinary system and the anatomy of the kidneys. This quiz covers the components, structure, and functions of the kidneys, including histology and the roles of nephrons. Test your knowledge on one of the body's essential systems!

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