Kidney and Bladder Anatomy Quiz

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the main site of selective reabsorption in the nephron. It absorbs vital nutrients, water, and electrolytes back into the bloodstream while regulating waste excretion.

Urinary retention refers to the inability to completely empty the bladder. This can be caused by various factors like nerve damage, prostate enlargement, or medications.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) can occur due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys (prerenal), damage to the kidney tissue (intrarenal), or obstruction of urine flow (postrenal).

Oliguria in AKI is caused by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), increased reabsorption of water, or obstruction in the urinary tract.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract, usually through the urethra. Women are more susceptible due to their shorter urethra. Complications include pyelonephritis (kidney infection) and sepsis.

Paired, bean-shaped organs located below the rib cage, crucial for filtering blood and producing urine.

Functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 to 1.5 million.

Located primarily in the renal cortex, they have shorter loops of Henle and are responsible for the majority of filtration.

These nephrons have longer loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla. They are crucial for concentrating urine and conserving water.

A network of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron, responsible for filtering blood. It allows water, electrolytes, and small molecules to pass into the Bowman's capsule while retaining large molecules (proteins and blood cells).

A cup-like sac surrounding the glomerulus, collecting the filtrate for processing in the renal tubules.

A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine before it is excreted from the body.

The smooth muscle that makes up the bladder wall, responsible for contracting to release urine.

Production of abnormally large volumes of urine, often exceeding 3 liters per day. Occurs in conditions like diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

A significantly reduced urine output, typically less than 400 ml/day or less than 20 ml/hour. Sign of acute kidney injury or severe dehydration.

Infection of any part of the urinary system, including kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Symptoms include strong urge to urinate, burning sensation, cloudy or smelly urine.

Enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men. Can cause urinary retention, nocturia, and weak urine stream.

Inability to empty the bladder completely. Can be acute or chronic, caused by nerve dysfunction, obstruction, or weakened bladder muscles.

Frequent and sudden urge to urinate that's difficult to control. Can lead to incontinence and affect quality of life.

Social anxiety where a person is unable to urinate in presence of others, even when there's an urgent need.

Lack of coordination between the detrusor muscle and external urethral sphincter, resulting in difficulty urinating and incomplete emptying.

Metabolic acidosis occurs when there's too much acid in the body or not enough bicarbonate, causing blood pH to drop.

Metabolic alkalosis is when there's too much bicarbonate or not enough acid in the body, leading to a rise in blood pH.

The kidneys counter metabolic acidosis by reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting hydrogen ions in urine, helping to restore pH balance.

To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, the kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate and reduce hydrogen ion secretion, bringing the pH back to normal.

The lungs play a role in acid-base balance by regulating CO2 levels, which indirectly affects blood pH.

Hyperventilation, or increased breathing, can increase CO2 expulsion, raising blood pH in metabolic acidosis.

Hypoventilation, or slower breathing, conserves CO2, lowering pH in metabolic alkalosis.

The kidneys regulate bicarbonate and hydrogen ion levels to maintain blood pH within a narrow, healthy range.

The process by which the nephron selectively reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and nutrients back into the blood, based on what the body needs.

The process by which additional waste products and excess ions are secreted into the tubular fluid, becoming urine.

The kidneys regulate the body's pH by excreting hydrogen ions (H+) and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-), keeping the blood pH balanced.

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow in response to low oxygen levels.

An enzyme released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels. Renin starts a chain reaction to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

The kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form, calcitriol (vitamin D3), which is essential for calcium absorption and bone health.

The rate at which filtrate is formed in the kidneys, typically around 125 ml/min in healthy adults. This means 180 liters of filtrate is produced each day.

Reabsorption of water and solutes that occurs regardless of the body's needs, mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule.

The adjustable reabsorption of water and solutes in response to the body's needs, regulated by hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

ADH acts on V1 receptors to contract blood vessels and on V2 receptors in the kidneys to promote water reabsorption, concentrating the urine.

Renin is released due to low blood pressure or low sodium. It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, leading to a cascade of events that help regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.