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Questions and Answers
Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in selective reabsorption?
Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in selective reabsorption?
In which condition does the bladder fail to empty completely?
In which condition does the bladder fail to empty completely?
What is a potential cause of oliguria in a patient with acute kidney injury?
What is a potential cause of oliguria in a patient with acute kidney injury?
Why are urinary tract infections more common in women?
Why are urinary tract infections more common in women?
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What complication can arise from an untreated urinary tract infection?
What complication can arise from an untreated urinary tract infection?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
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Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for urine concentration?
Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for urine concentration?
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What does the glomerulus do?
What does the glomerulus do?
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What is the primary role of the detrusor muscle?
What is the primary role of the detrusor muscle?
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What defines the condition known as anuria?
What defines the condition known as anuria?
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Where are cortical nephrons primarily located?
Where are cortical nephrons primarily located?
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Which part of the urinary system controls the release of urine from the bladder?
Which part of the urinary system controls the release of urine from the bladder?
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How many nephrons does each kidney contain, approximately?
How many nephrons does each kidney contain, approximately?
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What is the condition defined by the production of abnormally large volumes of urine, often exceeding 3 litres per day?
What is the condition defined by the production of abnormally large volumes of urine, often exceeding 3 litres per day?
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Which condition is characterized by a significantly reduced urine output, typically less than 400 ml/day?
Which condition is characterized by a significantly reduced urine output, typically less than 400 ml/day?
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What condition involves the frequent and sudden urge to urinate, which may lead to incontinence?
What condition involves the frequent and sudden urge to urinate, which may lead to incontinence?
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Which term describes the presence of blood in urine, which can indicate kidney stones or infections?
Which term describes the presence of blood in urine, which can indicate kidney stones or infections?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys related to water and electrolyte balance?
What is the primary function of the kidneys related to water and electrolyte balance?
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Which condition is characterized by the inability to empty the bladder completely?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to empty the bladder completely?
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What causes involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase internal pressure?
What causes involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase internal pressure?
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What is the condition called where someone cannot urinate in the presence of others due to anxiety?
What is the condition called where someone cannot urinate in the presence of others due to anxiety?
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What is a key function of angiotensin II in the body?
What is a key function of angiotensin II in the body?
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In metabolic acidosis, which compensatory mechanism do the lungs utilize?
In metabolic acidosis, which compensatory mechanism do the lungs utilize?
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Which condition is characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to excess acid?
Which condition is characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to excess acid?
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What role do the kidneys play in regulating pH balance?
What role do the kidneys play in regulating pH balance?
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Which hormone primarily regulates the reabsorption of water in the kidneys?
Which hormone primarily regulates the reabsorption of water in the kidneys?
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Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to which of the following?
Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to which of the following?
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What is haematuria?
What is haematuria?
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Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic acidosis?
Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic acidosis?
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What is the primary function of selective reabsorption in the nephron?
What is the primary function of selective reabsorption in the nephron?
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Which hormone is specifically responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
Which hormone is specifically responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
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How does the kidneys participate in acid-base balance?
How does the kidneys participate in acid-base balance?
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What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in healthy adults?
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in healthy adults?
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Which mechanism does renin initiate in response to low blood pressure or sodium levels?
Which mechanism does renin initiate in response to low blood pressure or sodium levels?
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What distinguishes facultative reabsorption from obligatory reabsorption?
What distinguishes facultative reabsorption from obligatory reabsorption?
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Which receptors does Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) act on to promote water reabsorption?
Which receptors does Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) act on to promote water reabsorption?
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What role does the kidneys play in Vitamin D activation?
What role does the kidneys play in Vitamin D activation?
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Study Notes
Kidney Anatomy and Physiology
- The kidneys filter blood, remove waste, regulate electrolytes, and maintain acid-base balance
- Kidneys are bean-shaped organs on either side of the spine, below the rib cage
- Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, with approximately 1-1.5 million per kidney
- Cortical nephrons are primarily in the renal cortex, with shorter loops of Henle; responsible for bulk of filtration
- Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle, extending deep into the medulla; crucial for concentrating urine and water conservation
- Glomerulus is a network of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron; filters blood, allowing water, electrolytes, and small molecules into Bowman's capsule, retaining larger molecules
- Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac that surrounds the glomerulus, collecting the filtrate to be processed in the renal tubules
Bladder Anatomy and Physiology
- The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine before excretion
- Bladder structure includes a muscular wall (detrusor muscle) and an internal urethral sphincter, made of smooth muscle; controls urine release
- Bladder function is storing urine until it reaches a volume triggering urination; bladder contracts, sphincter relaxes for urine flow
Common Clinical Conditions
- Anuria: Absence or very minimal urine production (less than 50 ml/day), indicating severe kidney dysfunction or urinary tract obstruction
- Polyuria: Production of abnormally large urine volumes (often exceeding 3 litres/day); occurs in diabetes mellitus or insipidus
- Oliguria: Significantly reduced urine output (typically less than 400 ml/day or 20 ml/hour); can be a sign of acute kidney injury or severe dehydration
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Infection of any part of the urinary system; symptoms include strong urge to urinate, burning sensation, cloudy or smelly urine
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Prostate gland enlargement in older men; can cause urinary retention, nocturia, and a weak urine stream
- Urinary Retention: Inability to empty the bladder completely; can be acute or chronic, resulting from nerve dysfunction, obstruction, or weakened bladder muscles
- Overactive Bladder: Frequent and sudden urge to urinate that is difficult to control; significantly affects quality of life
- Paruresis (Shy Bladder Syndrome): Social anxiety preventing urination in the presence of others, even with urgent need
Physiology of the Kidney
- Excretion and Water-Electrolyte Balance: Blood is filtered at the glomerulus, forming a filtrate (180 litres/day); nephrons selectively reabsorb water, electrolytes, and nutrients; and selectively secrete waste products
- Acid-Base Balance: Kidneys regulate body pH by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate
- Endocrine Secretions: Kidneys produce erythropoietin, stimulating red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels
Ultrafiltration, Selective Reabsorption, and Secretion
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Rate at which filtrate is formed in kidneys (typically 125 ml/min in healthy adults); around 180 litres of filtrate per day, only 1-2 litres excreted as urine
- Obligatory Reabsorption: Water and solutes absorbed regardless of body needs; primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule
- Facultative Reabsorption: Adjustable water and solute reabsorption; regulated by hormones like ADH
- Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH): Acts on V1 receptors (vasoconstriction), V2 receptors (water reabsorption) to concentrate urine
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): Mechanism for regulating blood pressure; renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor; stimulates aldosterone release, promoting sodium and water retention
Role of Kidneys in pH Regulation
- Kidneys regulate acid-base balance by regulating bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels in the blood; excrete hydrogen ions (H+) to maintain narrow pH range
Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis occurs when excess acid or bicarbonate loss, leading to decreased blood pH, often caused by renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, or diarrhea. Compensation involves increased breathing rate (hyperventilation) and increased bicarbonate reabsorption by the kidneys
- Metabolic alkalosis arises from excess bicarbonate or acid loss, leading to increased blood pH. Prolonged vomiting or use of antacids can cause this. Compensation involves decreased breathing rate (hypoventilation) and increased bicarbonate excretion, and reduction of hydrogen ion secretion, by the kidneys.
Multiple Choice Questions
- 1: What is the primary function of the juxtamedullary nephrons?: Concentration of urine
- 2: Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of water reabsorption in the kidneys? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- 3: What condition is characterized by the presence of blood in the urine? Haematuria
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys and bladder. This quiz covers the structure, function, and filtration processes involved in these vital organs. Get ready to learn more about nephron types and the role of the glomerulus!
