Kidney and Bladder Anatomy and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in selective reabsorption?

  • Bowman's capsule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Collecting duct
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (correct)
  • In which condition does the bladder fail to empty completely?

  • Oliguria
  • Urinary retention (correct)
  • Polyuria
  • Stress incontinence
  • What could be a potential cause of acute kidney injury in a patient presenting with oliguria?

  • Infection in the bladder
  • Excessive urination
  • Injury to kidney tissue (correct)
  • High fluid intake
  • What is a common complication of untreated urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

    <p>Pyelonephritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are urinary tract infections (UTIs) more common in women?

    <p>Women have shorter urethras (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the production of abnormally large volumes of urine, often exceeding 3 litres per day?

    <p>Polyuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may typically present with significantly reduced urine output, less than 400 ml/day?

    <p>Oliguria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a frequent and sudden urge to urinate that may lead to incontinence?

    <p>Overactive Bladder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with the inability to empty the bladder completely?

    <p>Urinary Retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with a urinary tract infection?

    <p>Weak urine stream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the presence of blood in urine, indicating potential serious medical conditions?

    <p>Haematuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical rate at which blood is filtered at the glomerulus?

    <p>125 ml/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of incontinence is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during activities that increase abdominal pressure?

    <p>Stress Incontinence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of selective reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb water, electrolytes, and nutrients back into the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does renin play in the body?

    <p>Initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) act on to promote water reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>V2 receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines obligatory reabsorption within the nephron?

    <p>It is the reabsorption of water that always occurs regardless of the body's needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the kidneys help maintain acid-base balance?

    <p>By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adults?

    <p>125 ml/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the majority of the filtrate produced in the kidneys?

    <p>It is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do juxtamedullary nephrons play in urine formation?

    <p>They concentrate urine and conserve water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate?

    <p>Bowman's capsule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anuria characterized by?

    <p>Absence of urine production or very minimal output. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bladder?

    <p>To store urine until the urge to urinate is triggered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron is primarily located in the renal cortex?

    <p>Cortical nephrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle controls the release of urine from the bladder?

    <p>Internal urethral sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

    <p>On either side of the spine, below the rib cage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the glomerulus?

    <p>To filter blood and allow small molecules to pass into the Bowman’s capsule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the body?

    <p>Stimulating aldosterone release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Retaining bicarbonate (C), Excreting more hydrogen ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily associated with an increase in blood pH?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the lungs to hyperventilate during metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increase in blood acid levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in pH regulation?

    <p>Regulating bicarbonate levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response occurs during metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Decreased rate of breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hematuria?

    <p>Presence of blood in urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney?

    <p>Dehydration and low sodium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) play in the RAAS?

    <p>Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys?

    <p>Increases sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of aldosterone on renal function?

    <p>Enhances potassium excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the RAAS is responsible for the sensation of low blood pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptors in the juxtaglomerular cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to angiotensin II?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on the vascular system?

    <p>Stimulates vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dehydration affect the RAAS pathway?

    <p>Triggers activation of RAAS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Decrease in blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Angiotensin II primarily increase blood pressure?

    <p>By increasing production of aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular structures detect decreases in blood volume or pressure in the RAAS?

    <p>Baroreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of Aldosterone in the nephron?

    <p>Increases potassium secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of renin?

    <p>Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) on the nephron?

    <p>Enhances water reabsorption in the collecting duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the maintenance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during low blood pressure?

    <p>Constriction of the afferent arteriole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components directly stimulates the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone?

    <p>Angiotensin II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of increased sodium reabsorption on blood pressure?

    <p>Increases blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Anatomy and Physiology

    • Kidneys are bean-shaped organs filtering blood, removing waste, regulating electrolytes, and maintaining acid-base balance.
    • Located on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage.
    • Each kidney has approximately 1 to 1.5 million nephrons, the functional units.
    • Nephrons include cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
      • Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle and are responsible for the majority of filtration.
      • Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle, crucial for urine concentration and water conservation.
    • Glomerulus is a network of capillaries at the start of the nephron. It filters blood, allowing water, electrolytes, and small molecules into the Bowman's capsule while retaining larger molecules.
    • Bowman's capsule is a cup-like structure surrounding the glomerulus which collects the filtrate.

    Bladder Anatomy and Physiology

    • The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ used for urine storage before excretion.
    • Its structure includes the detrusor muscle (smooth muscle fibers) and the internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) which controls urine release from the bladder.
    • Anuria: Absence or very minimal urine production (less than 50 ml/day). Indicates significant kidney dysfunction or urinary tract blockage.
    • Polyuria: Excessive urine production (often exceeding 3 liters per day) – associated with diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
    • Oliguria: Significantly reduced urine output (less than 400 ml/day or 20 ml/hour). Indicates acute kidney injury or severe dehydration.
    • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Infections in the urinary system (kidneys, bladder, urethra). Symptoms include strong urge to urinate, burning sensation during urination, cloudy/strong-smelling urine.
    • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Prostate gland enlargement common in older men, leading to urinary retention, nocturia (frequent nighttime urination) and weak urine stream.
    • Urinary Retention: Inability to completely empty the bladder, can be acute (sudden) or chronic.
    • Overactive Bladder: Frequent, sudden urge to urinate that is difficult to control, leading to incontinence.
    • Paruresis (Shy Bladder Syndrome): Social anxiety preventing urination in the presence of others.
    • Haematuria: Presence of blood in the urine, a potential sign of infection, kidney stones, or more serious conditions like bladder or kidney cancer.
    • Proteinuria: Presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine, often indicative of kidney disease.

    Physiology of Kidney Function

    • Excretion and Water-Electrolyte Balance: Filtration of blood which is processed by the glomerulus and nephrons through selective reabsorption and secretion of water and electrolytes resulting in 125 ml/min filtration rate (GFR) resulting in roughly 180 litres of filtrate daily. Water and other nutrients are selectively reabsorbed to the blood, while excess substances are secreted.
    • Acid-Base Balance: The kidneys regulate body pH by excreting hydrogen ions (H+) and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-)
    • Endocrine Secretions: The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), stimulating red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels. They also activate Vitamin D into its active form (calcitriol).
    • Regulation of Blood Pressure Kidneys regulate blood pressure by releasing renin. This triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), affecting how much water and sodium are retained or expelled.

    Ultrafiltration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

    • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): The rate at which filtrate is formed in the kidneys (125 ml/min in healthy adults). Filtrate is approximately 180 liters per day.
    • Urine Formation: About 1-2 liters of urine is excreted daily with the rest of the filtrate being reabsorbed back into the blood.
    • Obligatory Reabsorption: Water & solute reabsorption happening regardless of body needs, mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule.
    • Facultative Reabsorption: Reabsorption dependent on specific body needs managed by hormones like ADH, adjusting according to how much water the body needs to conserve.

    Role of Kidneys in pH Regulation

    • Kidneys vital in acid-base balance primarily by altering bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) and hydrogen ion (H⁺) levels, regulating the blood's pH within a specific range.

    Metabolic Disorders

    • Metabolic Acidosis: Excess acid or bicarbonate loss (decreased blood pH). Can be due to renal failure, ketoacidosis or diarrhea.
    • Metabolic Alkalosis: Excess bicarbonate or acid loss (increased blood pH). Can be due to prolonged vomiting or diuretic use.

    Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - Example

    • Q1: What is the primary function of juxtamedullary nephrons? (Options: Filtration, Urine concentration, Secretion, Blood pressure regulation)
    • A1: Urine concentration.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate structures and functions of the kidneys and bladder in this quiz. Learn about nephron types, filtration processes, and the role of the bladder in urine storage. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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