Renal Anatomy: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra

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What is the primary function of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

Filtration of the blood

Removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients

Secretion of hormones

Regulation of water and electrolyte concentrations (correct)

What is the main exchange of water and salt that takes place in the body?

In the glomerulus

In the renal artery

In the collecting duct

In the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta (correct)

What is the significance of the shield of negativity in the glomerular filtration barrier?

It prevents positively charged molecules from entering the filtrate (correct)

It increases the surface area for filtration

It allows only small molecules to pass through

It regulates the pH of the filtrate

What is the relationship between the length of the urethra and the risk of infection?

Shorter urethra means higher chance of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nephron, the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of handwashing in breaking the chain of infection?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport involves the movement of molecules across a membrane by diffusion due to a physical gradient?

Passive Transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the renal threshold for glucose in mg/dL?

160-180 Signup and view all the answers

In renal disease, which function is the first to be affected?

Tubular Reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular weight cut-off for the glomerulus to allow filtration?

70,000 DA Signup and view all the answers

What prevents a positive charge molecule from entering the glomerulus during filtration?

Negative charge shield Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone?

ADH regulates water reabsorption, while aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is responsible for the passive reabsorption of water?

Descending limb of the loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Glucose and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and urine volume?

Decreased ADH leads to increased urine volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT primarily secreted by the renal tubules for the purpose of acid-base balance regulation?

Uric acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

Inhibition of antidiuretic hormone release by the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

In renal tubular acidosis (RTA), which of the following statements is true?

The blood is acidic and the urine is basic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common test used to evaluate glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Creatinine clearance test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disadvantages applies to the use of creatinine as a marker for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) evaluation?

Creatinine clearance is not accurate in patients with muscle-wasting diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about tubular secretion is INCORRECT?

Tubular secretion is the primary mechanism for the excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) Signup and view all the answers

Which marker is a better indicator of renal tubular function than creatinine clearance?

Beta2 microglobulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using Cystatin C as a marker for estimating GFR?

Dependent on patient's muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

Which formula for estimating GFR considers Age, Sex, and Body Weight as variables?

Cockcroft and Gault Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Osmolality in the context of the Tubular Reabsorption Test?

It helps evaluate tubular reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

When should a patient undergo water deprivation before collecting a urine sample for the Tubular Reabsorption Test?

12 hours before the test Signup and view all the answers

Which variable is not considered in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula for estimating GFR?

Body Weight Signup and view all the answers