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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of artificial passive immunity?
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.
True
Name two leading causes of death.
Cancer and Covid
Primary prevention focuses on __________ illnesses through activities like vaccinations.
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Match the prevention type to its description:
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What are the three epidemiological constants?
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Active surveillance involves tracking diseases through hospital records of admitted patients.
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What is linked to the sanitary phase in epidemiology?
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Which of the following are major parts of the Ecological Model?
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Behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors are considered types of risk factors.
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What is indicated prevention?
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A __________ is defined as a substance that stimulates the central nervous system.
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Which of the following diseases can be transmitted by anthropods? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following substances is classified as a hallucinogen?
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A convalescent carrier is someone who is not infectious after recovering from an illness.
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Match the type of prevention with its description:
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What does the attack rate represent in epidemiology?
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The __________ is the stage in which a pathogen can invade and multiply in a host.
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Direct exposure can occur through contact with substances like fleas and ticks.
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What is a fomite?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the correct formula for calculating prevalence?
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Viruses are larger than bacteria and can reproduce independently.
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How can the chain of infection be broken?
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Which group has significant problems associated with drinking?
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Tobacco contributes to more than half of its user's deaths.
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What are the top three causes of unintentional injuries?
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The primary target audience for tobacco reduction efforts is ______.
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What is an example of a deterrent to receiving treatment?
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Match the type of violence with its description:
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Homicide and suicide are the top two causes of unintentional injuries.
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What method is used to generate ideas about injury prevention, addressing host, agent, and environment?
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Which of the following is NOT a behavioral risk factor for motor vehicle accidents?
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Providing crosswalks can help reduce motor vehicle accidents.
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What is a primary intervention to prevent drowning?
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Children under ___ account for most of the poisonings.
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Which of the following is a common method to prevent poisonings?
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Match the prevention methods with their corresponding issues:
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Safety locks on windows and gates can help prevent falls.
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Name one risk factor for drowning.
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Study Notes
Key Terms
- Prevalence: The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at any given time. It is calculated by dividing new cases by the total number of cases within a year.
- Attack Rate: Percentage of people who become ill in a population after exposure. It is calculated by dividing the number of sick people by the number of exposed people.
- Cohort Study: Follows a specific population or group of people over a specified period of time to connect the cause and effect of treatments and outcomes.
- Infectivity: Ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host.
- Bacteria: Single-celled organisms, such as those causing bacterial meningitis, anthrax, bubonic plague, tuberculosis, and streptococcal infections. These can be categorized as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
- Viruses: Tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, that must invade living cells to reproduce. Examples include HIV, the common cold, and influenza.
- Reservoir: Where the agent resides, such as humans or animals.
- Incubatory Carriers: Individuals who can transmit a pathogen during the incubation period.
- Convalescent Carriers: Individuals who have recovered from a disease but are still able to transmit the pathogen.
- Fomite: An inanimate object, such as an office phone, that harbors and transmits pathogens.
- Host: A human who is at risk of infection.
The Cycle of Transmission
- The cycle of transmission involves: agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.
Breaking the Chain of Infection
- The chain of infection can be broken by reducing the susceptibility of the host through methods like vaccination, handwashing, and implementing laws and regulations.
Reportable Diseases
- Examples of reportable diseases in the United States include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.
Immunity
- Artificial Passive Immunity: Immunity resulting from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen, such as antivenom or administering antibodies from another person.
- Passive Immunity: Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, such as through breastfeeding.
- Active Immunity: Immunity acquired through exposure to an antigen, either naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination.
Leading Causes of Death
- The leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, COVID-19, and accidents.
Levels of Prevention
- Primary Prevention: Promoting healthy lifestyles through immunizations, encouraging exercise, and practicing healthy nutrition. It aims to prevent the disease altogether.
- Secondary Prevention: Detecting and treating diseases early.
- Tertiary Prevention: Reducing the impact of a disease that is already established.
Ecological Model of Health
- The ecological model emphasizes person, place, and time and analyzes how these factors interact to impact health outcomes.
- It focuses on how the social, environmental, and biological factors of an individual influence their health.
Surveillance
- Passive Surveillance: Utilizes disease reporting and hospital records to track the incidence of diseases. It is relatively simple and inexpensive but may be limited by incomplete reporting and variations in quality of data.
- Active Surveillance: Uses health records of patients currently hospitalized to track the incidence of diseases.
Phases of Epidemiology
- Sanitary Phase: Links illness to foul emanations from water, food, and soil.
- Risk Factor Phase: Focuses on linking exposures to disease outcomes.
- Infectious Disease Phase: Emphasizes the spread and control of infectious diseases.
Environmental Risk Factors
- Environmental risk factors include: air, water, and soil pollution.
Epidemiological Constants
- Person: Demographics like age, gender, and socioeconomic status.
- Place: Location of variables like geographic location, environmental factors, and population density.
- Time: When people get exposed, including the duration of exposure, the temporal patterns of disease occurrence, and the time trends associated with disease incidence.
Web of Causation
- The web of causation is a schematic diagram that illustrates how multiple factors work together to cause disease.
Risk Factors
- Behavioral Risk Factors: Include lifestyle choices such as smoking, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and substance abuse.
- Environmental Risk Factors: Include factors such as air and water pollution, exposure to hazardous materials, and unsafe living conditions.
- Genetic Risk Factors: Include inherited predispositions to certain diseases.
Levels of Prevention
- Universal Prevention: Targeting large groups of people not afflicted by a particular problem to promote healthy behaviors and reduce risk factors.
- Selective Prevention: Targeting subgroups of people at risk for a particular problem to increase awareness and access to resources.
- Indicated Prevention: Targeting individuals at high risk for developing extensive problems in the future to provide early intervention and support.
Substance Use and Abuse
- Stimulants: Stimulate the central nervous system. Examples include cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and Ritalin.
- Depressants: Depress the central nervous system. Examples include alcohol, barbiturates, Valium, Xanax, Prozac, and Thorazine.
- Inhalants: Inhaled substances that produce mind-altering effects. Examples include butyl nitrite, amyl nitrite, aerosol cans, glue, vapors, and pens.
- Narcotics: Pain relievers that produce a sense of euphoria. Examples include Vicodin, Oxycontin, opium, morphine, methadone, meperidine, and heroin.
- Hallucinogens: Substances that alter perception of reality. Examples include LSD, PCP, psilocybin mushrooms, and marijuana.
Tobacco Use
- Leading Substance Associated With Death: Tobacco is the leading legal substance contributing to more than half of its user deaths.
- High-risk Population: Adolescents and young adults represent a crucial target audience for tobacco use reduction efforts, especially for the emerging trend of vaping.
Community Prevention Strategies
- Opioid Use Prevention & Overdose Response: Community-level interventions include ensuring adequate public funding for targeted substance use programs, initiating prevention programs in elementary schools, and creating needle exchange programs.
Deterrents to Treatment
- Stigmatization: Stigmatization can be a major deterrent to receiving treatment for substance abuse and other health issues.
Injury Prevention
- Top 3 Unintentional Injuries: Poisoning, falls, and motor vehicle accidents are the leading causes of unintentional injuries.
- Top 2 Intentional Injuries: Homicide and suicide (often influenced by gun laws) are the leading causes of intentional injuries.
- High-Risk Population: Individuals at higher risk for intentional injuries include LGBTQ+, homeless people, migrants, prisoners, veterans, and refugees.
Types of Violence
- Interpersonal Violence: Occurs between two people.
- Family Violence: Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another. Types include child abuse, partner abuse, and elder abuse.
- Community Violence: Includes offenses like stranger violence and gang violence.
- Collective Violence: Occurs when there is war between two nations or groups. Examples include rape, terrorism, and gang war.
Types of Violence (with Examples)
- Neglect: Failure to provide basic necessities, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and education.
- Psychological Violence: Includes verbal abuse, threats, intimidation, and emotional manipulation.
- Physical Violence: Includes hitting, kicking, punching, biting, and choking.
- Sexual Violence: Includes sexual assault, rape, and sexual exploitation.
Haddon Matrix
- Haddon Matrix: A systematic framework used to generate ideas about injury prevention by considering the host, agent, and environment within the pre-event, event, and post-event phases of an injury.
Distracted Driving
- Types of Distracted Driving: Visual (taking eyes off the road), manual (taking hands off the wheel), and cognitive (taking mind off the road).
Risk Factors for Drowning
- Age: Children between 1-4 years of age are at the highest risk for drowning.
- Ethnic Group: Certain ethnic groups have a higher risk of drowning.
- Gender: Males are more likely to drown than females.
- Alcohol Use: Alcohol consumption increases the risk of drowning.
- Lack of Barriers and Ability to Swim: Secure fencing, supervised swimming areas, and teaching children how to swim are crucial for prevention.
- Life Jackets and Life Vest Use: Failure to wear life jackets can greatly increase the risk of drowning.
- Seizure Disorder: It's important to know if individuals have a history of seizures and take proper precautions in water activities.
- Lack of Supervision: Close and constant supervision is vital, particularly for children.
Prevention Strategies for Drowning
- Primary Prevention: Includes measures like installing fencing around pools, teaching swimming lessons, and ensuring adequate supervision in and around water.
- Secondary Prevention: Includes actions like families knowing CPR and having access to emergency equipment.
Prevention Methods for Falls
- Safety Measures: Installing safety locks on windows, gates, and stairs, as well as ensuring playgrounds are safe, can significantly reduce falls, especially among children.
Poisoning Prevention
- High-Risk Age Group: Children under six years old are most vulnerable to poisoning incidents.
- Common Poison Exposure Sources: Cosmetics, personal care products, household products, medications, and homeopathic medications are among the most common sources of poison exposure.
- Prevention Strategies: Not sharing medications, properly labeling medications, disposing of medications correctly, avoiding button-batteries, and storing pesticides safely are essential for preventing poisonings.
Child Maltreatment
- Risk Factors: Children under four years of age, children who identify as LGBTQ+, and children with special needs are at an increased risk for child maltreatment.
Prevention Methods for Partner Violence
- Safety Plan: Creating a safety plan is a priority action for individuals experiencing partner violence.
- Community Support Groups: Accessing community support groups and seeking help from trained professionals is crucial.
- Law Enforcement and Healthcare Training: Ensuring law enforcement and healthcare professionals are trained to identify and respond appropriately to partner violence is essential
- Access to Safety: Providing access to safe shelters and support services for women is vital.
Prevention Methods for Community Violence
- Economic Opportunities: Creating opportunities for better employment (job fairs, training programs) can help address root causes of violence.
- Conflict Resolution: Promoting and training in conflict resolution skills can be a vital strategy for reducing community violence.
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Test your knowledge of essential epidemiological concepts with this quiz. You will explore terms such as prevalence, attack rate, cohort study, and more. Understand the role of bacteria and viruses in health and disease.
