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Key Figures in Psychology
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Key Figures in Psychology

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@WonRomanesque

Questions and Answers

What is Alfred Kohlberg best known for?

  • Educational psychology
  • Psychological development in children (correct)
  • Cultural-historical activity theory
  • Contextual framework for human development

    • Urie Bronfenbrenner was born in the United States.

    False

    What framework did Vygotsky create?

    Cultural-historical activity theory

    Alfred Kohlberg was born on October 25, _____ in Bronxville, New York.

    <p>1927</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age did Vygotsky die?

    <p>38</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each psychologist with their primary focus:

    <p>Alfred Kohlberg = Development in children Vygotsky = Cultural-historical activity theory Urie Bronfenbrenner = Contextual framework William J. Brennan = Marketplace of ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charlotte Albrecht was Alfred Kohlberg's mother.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Urie Bronfenbrenner die?

    <p>2005</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intelligence is associated with learning through reasoning and problem solving?

    <p>Mathematical/Logical Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Howard Gardner's theory identifies eight distinct intelligences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary learning style of someone with Bodily/Kinesthetic intelligence?

    <p>Learning through interaction with one's environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gardner's theory suggests that tailored teaching strategies can optimize learning for each __________.

    <p>intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intelligences is referred to as 'Picture Smart'?

    <p>Visual/Spatial Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following intelligences with their descriptions:

    <p>Visual/Spatial = Learning visually and organizing ideas spatially Verbal/Linguistic = Learning through spoken and written word Mathematical/Logical = Learning through reasoning and problem solving Bodily/Kinesthetic = Learning through interaction with one’s environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People excel equally in all nine intelligences identified by Gardner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key value of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory in education?

    <p>It encourages tailored teaching strategies to suit different intelligences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used by Freud in psychoanalysis?

    <p>Dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sigmund Freud was born in the United Kingdom.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three components of personality according to Freud.

    <p>Id, Ego, Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erik Erikson is known for his theory of ________ development.

    <p>psychosocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their contributions to developmental psychology:

    <p>Sigmund Freud = Psychoanalysis Erik Erikson = Psychosocial stages Jean Piaget = Cognitive development stages Lawrence Kohlberg = Moral development stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages is NOT part of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

    <p>Post-adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lev Vygotsky's primary focus was on moral development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'Superego' in Freud's model of personality?

    <p>Morality center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Handicap' refer to?

    <p>A condition that occurs as a result of a disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autism is characterized by a need for routine and limited interests.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are emotional/conduct disorders primarily associated with?

    <p>Presence of emotional states like depression and aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with significant subaverage intelligence and deficits in adaptive behavior are referred to as __________.

    <p>Mental Retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions involves a malfunction of the ear or auditory nerves?

    <p>Hearing Impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Autism = Impaired social interaction and communication Mental Retardation = Significant subaverage intelligence Hearing Impairments = Malfunction of the ear Giftedness = Unusually high cognitive ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giftedness is defined as having a significantly low level of aptitude in academic subjects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'emotional conduct disorders' affect in individuals?

    <p>Learning and performance in school.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a preferred way to describe someone who uses a wheelchair?

    <p>Uses a wheelchair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using euphemisms such as 'physically-challenged' is encouraged when referring to those with disabilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of severe and multiple disabilities?

    <p>It refers to the presence of one or more different types of disability, often at a profound level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual impairments are conditions when there is a malfunction of the ______ or optic nerves.

    <p>eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of impairment with its appropriate description:

    <p>Limited energy and strength = Physical and health impairments Malfunctioning of eyes or optic nerves = Visual impairments Presence of multiple disabilities = Severe and multiple disabilities Emphasizing abilities = Respectful language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is preferable when describing someone who had polio?

    <p>Has polio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is acceptable to use broad labels like 'disabled' to refer to individuals with specific impairments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impairments include reduced mental alertness?

    <p>Physical and health impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Figures in Psychology

    • Alfred Kohlberg

      • Born October 25, 1927, in Bronxville, New York; died January 19, 1987, in Winthrop, Massachusetts, at age 60.
      • Notable for research on children's psychological development and creator of cultural-historical activity theory.

    • Lev Vygotsky

      • Born November 17, 1896, in Orsha, Belarus; died June 11, 1934, in the Soviet Union, at age 38.
      • Developed theories on language and the Zone of Proximal Development.

    • Urie Bronfenbrenner

      • Born April 29, 1917, in Moscow, Russia; died September 25, 2005, in Ithaca, New York, at age 88.
      • Known for applying a contextual framework to human development through bio-ecological systems.

    Developmental Theories

    • Sigmund Freud

      • Introduced psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious conflicts in the psyche.
      • Defined three components of personality:
        • Id: pleasure-seeking, unconscious drive.
        • Ego: reality-oriented part that mediates desires.
        • Superego: moral conscience.

    • Erik Erikson

      • Developed the eight stages of psychosocial development, highlighting the impact of social experiences across a lifetime.

    • Jean Piaget

      • Proposed four stages of cognitive development, emphasizing how children construct knowledge through interaction with their environment.

    • Lawrence Kohlberg

      • Identified three levels and six substages of moral development in children, outlining how moral reasoning evolves.

    Multiple Intelligences Theory

    • Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983)
      • Intelligence is a set of abilities valued across cultures.
      • Identifies nine distinct intelligences, advocating for tailored teaching strategies:
        • Visual/Spatial: learning through visual means.
        • Verbal/Linguistic: learning through language.
        • Mathematical/Logical: learning through reasoning and problem-solving.
        • Bodily/Kinesthetic: learning through physical activity and interaction.

    Special Populations in Education

    • Disability vs. Handicap

      • Disability is a broader term encompassing impairments, while handicap refers to social disadvantages related to disabilities.

    • Social/Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties

      • Autism: Characterized by varied levels of social interaction impairment and repetitive behaviors.
      • Mental Retardation: Significant subaverage intelligence with adaptive behavior deficits.
      • Emotional/Conduct Disorders: Prolonged emotional states that disrupt learning.

    • Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments

      • Physical impairments involve long-term medical conditions affecting daily activities.
      • Severe and Multiple Disabilities: Presence of multiple disability types necessitating specialized education.

    Terminology and Sensitivity in Communication

    • Preference for specific language when referring to individuals with disabilities:
      • Avoid generic labels; emphasize abilities (e.g., "uses a wheelchair" instead of "confined to a wheelchair").
      • Avoid euphemisms that may be condescending (e.g., "physically-challenged").
      • Focus on factual descriptions (e.g., "had polio" rather than "polio victim").

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    Description

    Explore the contributions of significant psychologists such as Alfred Kohlberg, Lev Vygotsky, Urie Bronfenbrenner, and Sigmund Freud. This quiz delves into their theories and foundational ideas that shaped the understanding of human development and psychology. Test your knowledge on these key figures and their impact on the field.

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