Key Concepts in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What is psychology?

The scientific study of behavioral and mental processes.

Who established the first psychology lab in 1879?

Wilhelm Wundt.

What is structuralism?

Wundt's approach that focuses on identifying the structures of the human mind.

What is behavior?

<p>Something that can be observed directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mental processes?

<p>Thoughts, feelings, and motives that cannot be observed directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is critical thinking?

<p>The process of reflecting deeply and evaluating evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical method?

<p>Gaining knowledge through collecting data and logical reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive psychology?

<p>A branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed an approach called functionalism?

<p>William James.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functionalism?

<p>James's approach that emphasizes the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

<p>Darwin's theory that only the most fit and well-adapted animals survive and pass on their traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological approach in psychology?

<p>A focus on the body, especially the brain and the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neuroscience study?

<p>The function, structure, genetics, and development of the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavioral approach?

<p>The study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychodynamic approach?

<p>The study of the conflict between biological drives, society's demands, and early childhood experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for the psychodynamic approach?

<p>Sigmund Freud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the humanistic approach emphasize?

<p>A person's positive qualities and their capacity for personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive approach study?

<p>Mental processes involved in knowing: perception, memory, thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary approach?

<p>The study of evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sociocultural approach examine?

<p>Ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive psychology examine?

<p>Attention, information processing, and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does developmental psychology study?

<p>Biological and environmental factors that influence human development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does women and gender psychology focus on?

<p>Psychological, social, and cultural influences on women's development and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is personality psychology concerned with?

<p>Characteristics of individuals, traits, motives, and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social psychology deal with?

<p>People's interaction with one another, relationships, and social cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does industrial and organization psychology focus on?

<p>Personnel matters and human resources management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does clinical and counseling psychology do?

<p>Diagnoses and treats people with psychological problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does health psychology emphasize?

<p>Psychological factors, lifestyles, and nature of healthcare delivery systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does school and educational psychology concern?

<p>A child's learning and adjustment in school.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does environmental psychology study?

<p>Interactions between people and their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does forensic psychology apply?

<p>Psychological concepts to the legal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sport psychology focus on?

<p>Improving sports performance and participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cross-cultural psychology examine?

<p>Culture's role in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method?

<p>Observe, Formulate, Test, Draw Conclusions, Evaluate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable?

<p>Anything that can change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a theory in psychology?

<p>A broad idea that explains observations and predicts future observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

<p>An educated guess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is descriptive research?

<p>Determining basic dimensions, what a thing is, how...</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology

The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.

Critical Thinking

The ability to critically evaluate information and form sound judgments.

Empirical Method

A systematic approach to gaining knowledge based on observation, evidence, and logical reasoning.

Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of the first psychology lab in 1879, known for his work on structuralism.

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William James

Developed functionalism, emphasizing the purposes and functions of mental processes.

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Structuralism

A school of psychology that focuses on identifying the basic elements of consciousness.

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Functionalism

A school of psychology that emphasizes the functions and purposes of mental processes.

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Biological Approach

A psychological approach that explains behavior in terms of brain processes and the nervous system.

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Behavioral Approach

A psychological approach that emphasizes learning through observable responses and environmental influences.

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Psychodynamic Approach

A psychological approach that explores unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences.

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Humanistic Approach

A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and positive qualities.

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Cognitive Approach

A psychological approach that examines how people perceive, process, and store information.

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Evolutionary Approach

A psychological approach that explains behavior in terms of evolutionary processes and survival.

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Sociocultural Approach

A psychological approach that explores how social and cultural factors influence behavior.

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Cognitive Psychology

Focuses on attention, memory, and information processing.

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Developmental Psychology

Examines how biological and environmental factors influence human development across the lifespan.

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Women and Gender Psychology

Studies psychological influences on women's development and behavior.

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Personality Psychology

Looks at individual characteristics, motives, and goals.

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Social Psychology

Analyzes interpersonal interactions and social cognition.

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Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Addresses personnel matters and human resources in organizations.

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Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Involves diagnosing and treating psychological issues.

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Health Psychology

Emphasizes psychological factors in healthcare and lifestyle.

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School and Educational Psychology

Concerns child development and learning in educational settings.

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Environmental Psychology

Studies interactions between individuals and their environments.

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Forensic Psychology

Applies psychological principles to the legal system.

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Sport Psychology

Focuses on enhancing sports performance and participation.

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Cross-Cultural Psychology

Examines cultural influences on behavior and emotions.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process of observation, hypothesis testing, and conclusion drawing.

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Variable

Any factor that can vary or change.

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Theory

A broad explanatory framework for observations and predictions.

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Hypothesis

A specific prediction that can be tested.

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Descriptive Research

Research that aims to describe the basic characteristics of a population or group.

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Study Notes

Key Concepts in Psychology

  • Psychology: Scientific study of behavioral and mental processes.
  • Critical Thinking: Reflecting deeply and evaluating evidence effectively.
  • Empirical Method: Knowledge acquisition through data collection and logical reasoning.

Historical Foundations

  • Wilhelm Wundt: Established the first psychology lab in 1879; known as the founding father of psychology and creator of structuralism.
  • William James: Developed functionalism, focusing on the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior.

Major Psychological Approaches

  • Structuralism: Wundt's focus on identifying structures of the human mind.
  • Functionalism: Emphasizes mental processes’ functions.
  • Biological Approach: Centers on the brain and nervous system’s role in behavior.
  • Behavioral Approach: Examines observable responses and environmental influences.
  • Psychodynamic Approach: Studies conflicts among biological drives, social demands, and childhood experiences.
  • Humanistic Approach: Focuses on personal growth and positive qualities.
  • Cognitive Approach: Analyzes mental processes like perception, memory, and thinking.
  • Evolutionary Approach: Explores adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection concepts.
  • Sociocultural Approach: Investigates how social and cultural contexts shape behavior.

Specializations in Psychology

  • Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on attention, memory, and information processing.
  • Developmental Psychology: Examines biological and environmental influences on human development.
  • Women and Gender Psychology: Studies psychological influences on women’s development and behavior.
  • Personality Psychology: Looks at individual characteristics, motives, and goals.
  • Social Psychology: Analyzes interpersonal interactions and social cognition.
  • Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Addresses personnel matters and human resources.
  • Clinical and Counseling Psychology: Involves diagnosing and treating psychological issues.
  • Health Psychology: Emphasizes psychological factors in healthcare and lifestyle.
  • School and Educational Psychology: Concerns child development and learning in educational settings.
  • Environmental Psychology: Studies interactions between individuals and their environments.
  • Forensic Psychology: Applies psychological principles to the legal system.
  • Sport Psychology: Focuses on enhancing sports performance and participation.
  • Cross-Cultural Psychology: Examines cultural influences on behavior and emotions.

Research Methods

  • Scientific Method: Process of observation, hypothesis formulation, testing, drawing conclusions, and evaluation.
  • Variable: Any entity that can vary or change.
  • Theory: Broad explanatory framework for observations and predictions.
  • Hypothesis: An educated guess that can be tested.
  • Descriptive Research: Aims to determine basic characteristics of subjects.

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Description

Explore the foundational ideas and historical figures in psychology. This quiz covers critical thinking, various psychological approaches, and the contributions of key pioneers in the field. Test your knowledge on how these concepts shape our understanding of behavior and mental processes.

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