Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the difference between an individual's phenotype and genotype?
What is the difference between an individual's phenotype and genotype?
During which developmental stage does a child mainly explore the world through sensory experiences?
During which developmental stage does a child mainly explore the world through sensory experiences?
Which of the following emotions is considered a basic emotion?
Which of the following emotions is considered a basic emotion?
A Caesarean section might be recommended for which conditions?
A Caesarean section might be recommended for which conditions?
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What is the term used to describe the developmental issues in offspring due to heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
What is the term used to describe the developmental issues in offspring due to heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
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The ability to understand words and communicate verbally represents what type of change in a child?
The ability to understand words and communicate verbally represents what type of change in a child?
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What does the process of scaffolding refer to in child development?
What does the process of scaffolding refer to in child development?
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What is the primary function attributed to the left hemisphere of the brain?
What is the primary function attributed to the left hemisphere of the brain?
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What form of learning occurs when a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees during a critical period?
What form of learning occurs when a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees during a critical period?
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Which term best describes the inheritance pattern where characteristics on the X chromosome are expressed differently in male and female offspring?
Which term best describes the inheritance pattern where characteristics on the X chromosome are expressed differently in male and female offspring?
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Which family structure consists of a family unit that includes biological parents and their children?
Which family structure consists of a family unit that includes biological parents and their children?
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What period is defined as the initial four weeks following a baby's birth?
What period is defined as the initial four weeks following a baby's birth?
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In the context of the Strange Situation technique, how is attachment between a mother and baby best measured?
In the context of the Strange Situation technique, how is attachment between a mother and baby best measured?
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What process describes learning appropriate social behavior through observing others and understanding the consequences of actions?
What process describes learning appropriate social behavior through observing others and understanding the consequences of actions?
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Which psychological perspective emphasizes the impact of childhood experiences and the role of unconscious motivations?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the impact of childhood experiences and the role of unconscious motivations?
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According to theories of operant conditioning, if a child successfully begs her father for candy, what is likely to happen next time?
According to theories of operant conditioning, if a child successfully begs her father for candy, what is likely to happen next time?
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What term describes the realization that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight?
What term describes the realization that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight?
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What does the visual cliff apparatus primarily test in infants?
What does the visual cliff apparatus primarily test in infants?
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To effectively observe a child's fine motor skill development, what activity should a psychologist ask the child to perform?
To effectively observe a child's fine motor skill development, what activity should a psychologist ask the child to perform?
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What term refers to the statistical estimate of how much heredity influences individual differences in traits?
What term refers to the statistical estimate of how much heredity influences individual differences in traits?
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Which of the following concepts involves learning based on reinforcement and punishment?
Which of the following concepts involves learning based on reinforcement and punishment?
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Social referencing involves a baby 'reading' the expression of a caregiver. What does this scenario illustrate?
Social referencing involves a baby 'reading' the expression of a caregiver. What does this scenario illustrate?
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What describes normative influences in development?
What describes normative influences in development?
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Which term describes a specific time in development when an event has the greatest impact?
Which term describes a specific time in development when an event has the greatest impact?
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What can best illustrate the influence of environment on an individual's development?
What can best illustrate the influence of environment on an individual's development?
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Which B vitamin is critical in a pregnant woman's diet and found in leafy vegetables?
Which B vitamin is critical in a pregnant woman's diet and found in leafy vegetables?
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What principle of prenatal development describes growth from the head to the feet?
What principle of prenatal development describes growth from the head to the feet?
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When babies turn their heads toward a soft touch on the cheek, which reflex are they demonstrating?
When babies turn their heads toward a soft touch on the cheek, which reflex are they demonstrating?
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What research design did a professor use if he assessed a child's self-image multiple times over five years?
What research design did a professor use if he assessed a child's self-image multiple times over five years?
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What is a single-celled organism resulting from fertilization called?
What is a single-celled organism resulting from fertilization called?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Child Development
- Phenotype vs. Genotype: Phenotype refers to observable traits, while genotype describes the underlying genetic pattern.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage: Characterized by exploring the world through sensory experience and motor actions, including putting things in the mouth.
Basic Emotions
- Happiness: A fundamental emotion.
Prenatal Development and Birth
- Breech/Transverse Position: These fetal positions can necessitate a Cesarean section.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- FAS: A combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities in infants of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy.
Developmental Changes
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Qualitative Change: The shift from nonverbal to verbal communication, for example.
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Habituation: A decrease in response to repeated stimulation.
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Dishabituation: An increase in response to a change in stimulation.
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Scaffolding: Temporary support provided during learning, as in teaching a child to ride a bike.
Brain Hemispheres
- Left Hemisphere: Primarily responsible for language and logical thinking.
Principles of Development
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Proximodistal: Development tends to occur from the center of the body outwards.
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Cephalocaudal: Development proceeds from the head down.
Object Permanence
- The understanding that objects still exist even when unseen.
Infant Development: Observation & Testing
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Depth Perception: Tested by the visual cliff apparatus.
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Fine Motor Skills: Assessed during tasks like drawing with crayons.
Heritability
- A statistical measure of the influence of heredity on individual differences in traits.
Learning Theories
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through reinforcement and punishment.
Social Referencing
- Babies utilize caregiver's facial expressions to gauge appropriate responses in ambiguous situations.
Visual Preference
- A tendency for infants to look longer at certain stimuli, demonstrating a preference,
Developmental Influences
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Normative Influences: Events affecting most people similarly.
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Critical Period: A time when a given event has the most significant impact on development.
Environmental Influences
- Environment's Impact: Children adopted at a later age are more likely to demonstrate the impact of their adoptive environment in their development.
Essential Nutrients
- Folic Acid: A B vitamin crucial for a pregnant woman's diet.
Prenatal Development (Further)
- Cephalocaudal Principle: Growth proceeds from the head downwards.
Reflexes
- Rooting Reflex: Infants turn their head towards a touch on the cheek to find a nipple.
Developmental Research Designs
- Longitudinal Design: Tracking development across an extended period.
Fertilization and Early Development
- Zygote: The one-celled organism resulting from fertilization.
Prenatal Testing
- Amniocentesis: A procedure to collect and analyze fetal fluid for potential defects,
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
- Artificial Insemination (AI): Injecting sperm directly into the cervix to aid in conception.
Inheritance Patterns
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Sex-Linked Inheritance: Traits carried on the X chromosome that manifest differently in males and females.
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Dominant Traits: Expressed in offspring even if only one parent carries the dominant allele, tongue rolling.
Childbirth Procedures
- Cesarean Section: Medical incision for removal of the baby.
Family Structures
- Nuclear Family: A family consisting of biological parents and children.
Stages of Life
- Neonatal Period: First four weeks after birth.
Learning and Behavior
- Imprinting: An animal developing an attachment to the first moving object it sees during a critical period of development.
Attachment
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Strange Situation Technique: Measures attachment by observing how babies respond to separation and reunion with their mothers.
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Separation Anxiety: Display of concern upon the departure of the mother
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Stranger Anxiety: In the separation of a stranger, exhibiting an unwillingness to be held by the stranger.
Psychological Perspectives
- Psychoanalytic: Focuses on unconscious drives and childhood experiences, impacting later life.
Operant Conditioning (Again)
- A baby's behaviour is affected directly when rewards or punishments are utilized.
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Description
Explore essential concepts in child development, including the differences between phenotype and genotype. Understand Piaget's stages of cognitive development, basic emotions, and the impact of prenatal factors like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. This quiz will deepen your knowledge of developmental changes and their implications.
