Key Concepts in Child Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between an individual's phenotype and genotype?

  • Phenotype and genotype are interchangeable terms.
  • Phenotype is the dominant alleles while genotype is the recessive alleles.
  • Phenotype is determined solely by environment while genotype is hereditary.
  • Phenotype refers to the observable traits while genotype refers to the genetic pattern. (correct)

During which developmental stage does a child mainly explore the world through sensory experiences?

  • Sensorimotor stage (correct)
  • Formal operational stage
  • Preoperational stage
  • Concrete operational stage

Which of the following emotions is considered a basic emotion?

  • Happiness (correct)
  • Pride
  • Guilt
  • Embarrassment

A Caesarean section might be recommended for which conditions?

<p>If the fetus is in a breech position. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the developmental issues in offspring due to heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to understand words and communicate verbally represents what type of change in a child?

<p>Qualitative change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of scaffolding refer to in child development?

<p>The initial support given to a child that is gradually removed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function attributed to the left hemisphere of the brain?

<p>Language and logical thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of learning occurs when a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees during a critical period?

<p>Imprinting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the inheritance pattern where characteristics on the X chromosome are expressed differently in male and female offspring?

<p>Sex-linked inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family structure consists of a family unit that includes biological parents and their children?

<p>Nuclear family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period is defined as the initial four weeks following a baby's birth?

<p>Neonatal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Strange Situation technique, how is attachment between a mother and baby best measured?

<p>The baby's reaction upon the mother's return after separation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes learning appropriate social behavior through observing others and understanding the consequences of actions?

<p>Observational learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the impact of childhood experiences and the role of unconscious motivations?

<p>Psychoanalytic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to theories of operant conditioning, if a child successfully begs her father for candy, what is likely to happen next time?

<p>She will beg for candy again (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the realization that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight?

<p>Object permanence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the visual cliff apparatus primarily test in infants?

<p>Depth perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To effectively observe a child's fine motor skill development, what activity should a psychologist ask the child to perform?

<p>Draw with a crayon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the statistical estimate of how much heredity influences individual differences in traits?

<p>Heritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts involves learning based on reinforcement and punishment?

<p>Operant conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social referencing involves a baby 'reading' the expression of a caregiver. What does this scenario illustrate?

<p>True (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes normative influences in development?

<p>Events affecting many or most people in a society in similar ways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a specific time in development when an event has the greatest impact?

<p>Critical period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can best illustrate the influence of environment on an individual's development?

<p>Sally developing a good vocabulary due to her adoptive mother's engagement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which B vitamin is critical in a pregnant woman's diet and found in leafy vegetables?

<p>Folic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle of prenatal development describes growth from the head to the feet?

<p>Cephalocaudal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When babies turn their heads toward a soft touch on the cheek, which reflex are they demonstrating?

<p>Rooting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research design did a professor use if he assessed a child's self-image multiple times over five years?

<p>Longitudinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a single-celled organism resulting from fertilization called?

<p>Zygote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual, determined by their genes and the environment.

Genotype

The underlying genetic makeup of an individual, composed of genes inherited from parents.

Sensorimotor Stage

The first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, spanning from birth to about two years, where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.

Happiness

A basic emotion characterized by feelings of joy, pleasure, and contentment.

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Caesarean Section

A surgical procedure for delivering a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen.

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A complex developmental disorder that arises from excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy, resulting in physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities.

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Scaffolding

Temporary support provided by a more experienced individual to help a learner acquire new skills or knowledge. This support is gradually withdrawn as the learner becomes more proficient.

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Left Hemisphere Function

The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language processing, logical reasoning, and analytical tasks.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where an organism learns to associate a voluntary behavior with a consequence, either positive (reinforcement) or negative (punishment).

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Complex Emotions

Complex emotions involve a conscious judgment or evaluation of a situation and a sense of self-awareness. They are more sophisticated than basic emotions and develop later in life.

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Sex-linked Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance where genes located on the X chromosome are expressed differently in males and females. Since males have one X chromosome and females have two, traits linked to the X chromosome can affect them differently.

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Nuclear Family

A family unit that consists of two parents and their biological children.

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Neonatal Period

The first four weeks of a baby's life after birth.

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Imprinting

A form of learning that occurs during a critical period in early development, where an animal forms a strong attachment to the first moving object it sees (typically the mother).

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Strange Situation Technique

A method used to measure the strength of the attachment between a baby and their mother, by observing the baby's reaction to their mother's return after being separated for a short period.

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Observational Learning

Learning that occurs by observing and imitating the behaviors of others, especially when those behaviors are associated with positive or negative consequences.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to elicit a response.

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Depth Perception

The ability to understand and respond to depth cues in the environment, allowing us to judge distances and avoid falls.

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Social Referencing

The ability of infants to use the emotional cues of adults to guide their own behavior in ambiguous situations.

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Cephalocaudal Principle

A pattern of development that proceeds from the head downward. For example, infants gain control over their head first, then their trunk, and then their legs.

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Proximodistal Principle

A pattern of development that proceeds from the center of the body outward. For example, infants gain control of their arms and legs before their fingers and toes.

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Critical Period

A period of development during which the brain is highly sensitive to specific experiences. If those experiences are not provided, the brain may not develop properly.

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Fertilization

The process of fertilization, which occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell.

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Longitudinal Study

A type of research design that involves studying the same group of individuals over a period of time. This allows researchers to track changes in development and identify patterns.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A type of research design that involves studying different groups of individuals at different ages at the same time. This allows researchers to compare developmental patterns across age groups.

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Cross-Sequential Study

A type of research design that combines elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. This allows researchers to track changes in development over time while also comparing different age groups.

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Study Notes

Key Concepts in Child Development

  • Phenotype vs. Genotype: Phenotype refers to observable traits, while genotype describes the underlying genetic pattern.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Sensorimotor Stage: Characterized by exploring the world through sensory experience and motor actions, including putting things in the mouth.

Basic Emotions

  • Happiness: A fundamental emotion.

Prenatal Development and Birth

  • Breech/Transverse Position: These fetal positions can necessitate a Cesarean section.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  • FAS: A combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities in infants of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy.

Developmental Changes

  • Qualitative Change: The shift from nonverbal to verbal communication, for example.

  • Habituation: A decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

  • Dishabituation: An increase in response to a change in stimulation.

  • Scaffolding: Temporary support provided during learning, as in teaching a child to ride a bike.

Brain Hemispheres

  • Left Hemisphere: Primarily responsible for language and logical thinking.

Principles of Development

  • Proximodistal: Development tends to occur from the center of the body outwards.

  • Cephalocaudal: Development proceeds from the head down.

Object Permanence

  • The understanding that objects still exist even when unseen.

Infant Development: Observation & Testing

  • Depth Perception: Tested by the visual cliff apparatus.

  • Fine Motor Skills: Assessed during tasks like drawing with crayons.

Heritability

  • A statistical measure of the influence of heredity on individual differences in traits.

Learning Theories

  • Operant Conditioning: Learning through reinforcement and punishment.

Social Referencing

  • Babies utilize caregiver's facial expressions to gauge appropriate responses in ambiguous situations.

Visual Preference

  • A tendency for infants to look longer at certain stimuli, demonstrating a preference,

Developmental Influences

  • Normative Influences: Events affecting most people similarly.

  • Critical Period: A time when a given event has the most significant impact on development.

Environmental Influences

  • Environment's Impact: Children adopted at a later age are more likely to demonstrate the impact of their adoptive environment in their development.

Essential Nutrients

  • Folic Acid: A B vitamin crucial for a pregnant woman's diet.

Prenatal Development (Further)

  • Cephalocaudal Principle: Growth proceeds from the head downwards.

Reflexes

  • Rooting Reflex: Infants turn their head towards a touch on the cheek to find a nipple.

Developmental Research Designs

  • Longitudinal Design: Tracking development across an extended period.

Fertilization and Early Development

  • Zygote: The one-celled organism resulting from fertilization.

Prenatal Testing

  • Amniocentesis: A procedure to collect and analyze fetal fluid for potential defects,

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

  • Artificial Insemination (AI): Injecting sperm directly into the cervix to aid in conception.

Inheritance Patterns

  • Sex-Linked Inheritance: Traits carried on the X chromosome that manifest differently in males and females.

  • Dominant Traits: Expressed in offspring even if only one parent carries the dominant allele, tongue rolling.

Childbirth Procedures

  • Cesarean Section: Medical incision for removal of the baby.

Family Structures

  • Nuclear Family: A family consisting of biological parents and children.

Stages of Life

  • Neonatal Period: First four weeks after birth.

Learning and Behavior

  • Imprinting: An animal developing an attachment to the first moving object it sees during a critical period of development.

Attachment

  • Strange Situation Technique: Measures attachment by observing how babies respond to separation and reunion with their mothers.

  • Separation Anxiety: Display of concern upon the departure of the mother

  • Stranger Anxiety: In the separation of a stranger, exhibiting an unwillingness to be held by the stranger.

Psychological Perspectives

  • Psychoanalytic: Focuses on unconscious drives and childhood experiences, impacting later life.

Operant Conditioning (Again)

  • A baby's behaviour is affected directly when rewards or punishments are utilized.

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Description

Explore essential concepts in child development, including the differences between phenotype and genotype. Understand Piaget's stages of cognitive development, basic emotions, and the impact of prenatal factors like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. This quiz will deepen your knowledge of developmental changes and their implications.

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