Kapitel 10: Hjerneskader og Neuroplasticitet
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Questions and Answers

Hvad er en anden betegnelse for "new growth"?

En neoplasma

Hvilken type hjerne tumor er typisk godartet?

  • Inkapslet tumor (correct)
  • Infiltrerende tumor

    • Hvad er de to hovedtyper af slagtilfælde?

  • Cerebral blødning (correct)
  • Traumatisk hjerneskade
  • Cerebral iskæmi (correct)

    • Hvad er årsagen til, at infarct opstår?

    <p>En blokering af et blodkar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken neurotransmitter er mest kendt for at have en central rolle i iskæmi-inducerede hjerneskader?

    <p>Glutamat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Der er to typer af lukket kranietraume (TBI): hjernerystelse og kontusion.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den medicinske betegnelse for en blå mærke i hjernen?

    <p>Kontusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den medicinske betegnelse for en samling blod i et bestemt område i hjernen?

    <p>Hæmatom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem meningitis og en cerebral abscess?

    <p>Meningitis er en betændelse i hjernehinden, mens en cerebral abscess er en samling pus i hjernen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syfilis er en viral infektion i hjernen.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type hjerne infektioner antages at være den mest alm. årsag til general paresis?

    <p>Syfilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type neurotoxin kan føre til et tilstand kaldet "madhatters sygdom"?

    <p>Kviksølv (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tardive dyskinesi (TD) er en almindelig bivirkning af antidepressiva.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type neurotoxin er mest almindelig i at angribe visse dele af det perifere nervesystem?

    <p>Endogene neurotoxiner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken genetisk tilstand er knyttet til Downs syndrom?

    <p>Trisomi 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvordan kan man reducere sandsynligheden for at udvikle Huntingtons sygdom, hvis en af ens forældre har sygdommen?

    <p>Genetisk test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem apoptosis og nekrose?

    <p>Apoptosis er en aktiv cellulær selvmordsmekanisme, mens nekrose er en passiv cellulær død (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type neurologisk sygdom er kendetegnet ved et epileptisk anfald?

    <p>Epilepsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type anfald involverer ikke hele hjernen?

    <p>Fokale anfald (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type epilepsianfald er almindeligvis forbundet med automatismer?

    <p>Komplekse fokale anfald (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parkinson's sygdom er en progressiv sygdom, der forværres med tiden.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken neurotransmitter er forbundet med Parkinsons sygdom?

    <p>Dopamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken del af hjernen bliver mest skadet af Parkinsons sygdom?

    <p>Substantia nigra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    L-dopa er en effektiv kur mod Parkinsons sygdom.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken metode er blevet foreslået som en alternativ behandlingsmulighed for Parkinsons sygdom?

    <p>Hjernestimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Huntingtons sygdom er en genetisk sygdom.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken specifik del af hjernen bliver mest skadet af Huntingtons sygdom?

    <p>Striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den medicinske betegnelse for den betændelse i myelin, der er forbundet med MS?

    <p>Demyelinisering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type celle er ansvarlig for, at myelinlaget i CNS skabes?

    <p>Oligodendrocytter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Der findes en effektiv kur mod MS.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den hyppigste årsag til demens blandt ældre?

    <p>Alzheimers sygdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilke to proteiner er involveret i Alzheimers sygdom?

    <p>Tau-protein og beta-amyloid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid hypotesen hævder, at beta-amyloid plaquer er den primære årsag til Alzheimers sygdom?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Den primære symptomatiske fase af Alzheimers sygdom er karakteriseret ved kognitiv nedgang.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken genetisk variant er forbundet med en øget risiko for at udvikle Alzheimers sygdom?

    <p>APOE4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er den mest almindelige behandlingsmetode for personer med epilepsi?

    <p>Antiepileptiske medikamenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Det er aldrig nødvendigt at bruge kirurgi til at behandle epilepsi.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type sygdom antages det at være, at en person, der oplever epileptiske anfald, der er kendetegnet ved gentagende, stereotype bevægelser, lider af?

    <p>Komplekse fokale anfald (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kindling-modellen for epilepsi er et populært værktøj for at modellere udviklingen af ​​epilepsi.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvad er navnet på den kunstige heroin, der medførte opdagelsen at MPTP-modellen?

    <p>MPTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MPTP-modellen for Parkinsons sygdom er en perfekt kopi af Parkinsons sygdom hos mennesker.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type af nervedegeneration er kendetegnet ved degenerering af det distale segment?

    <p>Anterograd degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerve regeneration i CNS er lige så effektiv som nerve regeneration i PNS.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvilken type nervecelle er ansvarlig for at danne myelinlaget i PNS?

    <p>Schwann-celler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity

    • Learning Objectives (LO): The chapter outlines learning objectives (LO 10.1-10.21) covering various types of brain damage, recovery and neuroplasticity.

    Causes of Brain Damage

    • Brain Tumors: Different types, including encapsulated (contained within membranes) and infiltrating (spreading through surrounding tissue) tumors are discussed. Meningiomas are a specific encapsulated type.
    • Stroke: Two types are described: cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) and cerebral ischemia (blocked blood supply).
    • Closed-head Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs): Two types are mentioned: contusions (bruising of the brain) and damage associated with the subdural space.
    • Brain Infections: Two types are described, bacterial (e.g., abscesses, meningitis) and viral (e.g., rabies).
    • Neurotoxins: The chapter details three different types of neurotoxins impacting the nervous system (e.g., heavy metals like mercury and lead). Some neurotoxins are even created by the body itself (e.g., stress hormones).
    • Genetic Factors: Disorders are addressed as examples and potential causes (e.g., Down syndrome, inherited neuropsychological disorders).
    • Other factors: the chapter also covers programmed cell death (apoptosis vs. necrosis).

    Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases

    • Kindling Model of Epilepsy: A method of repeatedly stimulating the amygdala in animals to create a seizure disorder, modeling how epilepsy develops.
    • MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease: Describes how accidental exposure to MPTP in humans led to an animal model of Parkinson's.

    Responses to Nervous System Damage

    • Neural Degeneration: Two types are described in detail: anterograde (deterioration of axon branches away from the cell body) and retrograde (degeneration of the axon branches toward the cell body). Transneuronal degeneration, where the damage spreads to connected neurons also described.
    • Neural Regeneration: Differences are examined between regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) (e.g., axons regenerating through Schwann cells) and the central nervous system (CNS) (where regeneration is restricted, if not absent), due to differing glial cell structures (astrocytes in CNS).

    Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage

    • Neurotransplantation: Early studies investigating the transplantation of embryonic tissue into damaged areas, especially relevant with Parkinson's.
    • Discussion of recovery strategies: The chapter includes different kinds of treatment strategies, including rehabilitative training.

    Neurological Diseases

    • Epilepsy: The chapter examines the symptoms and four common types of seizures. Causes, treatments, and awareness of the complexity of Epilepsy are emphasized.
    • Parkinson's Disease: Covers symptoms and treatments. Includes a discussion of the condition's progressive nature and the role of dopamine.
    • Huntington's Disease: Symptoms and genetic causes of this progressive motor disorder and associated dementia are described.
    • Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Addresses the symptoms, risk factors, and the ongoing difficulty in understanding MS in the context of ongoing research.
    • Alzheimer's Disease: The chapter explains the symptoms, discusses different possible approaches to the 'amyloid hypothesis' as a causative factor, and covers the progressive stages and common neuropathological features of advanced disease.

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    Related Documents

    Biopsychology, Global Edition, 11th Ed, Chapter 10 - Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity PDF

    Description

    Dette quiz handler om kapitel 10, som dækker forskellige typer af hjerneskader og neuroplasticitet. Vi vil undersøge årsagerne til hjerneskader som hjernetumorer, slagtilfælde og TBI'er samt de infektioner og neurotoksiner, der påvirker nervesystemet. Få indsigt i, hvordan hjernen kan komme sig over skader og tilpasse sig nye betingelser.

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