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Questions and Answers
What does Hume believe is the root of morality?
What does Hume believe is the root of morality?
Kant argues that actions based on sentiment have moral worth.
Kant argues that actions based on sentiment have moral worth.
False
What are the two key principles Rousseau attributes to natural man in his first state of nature?
What are the two key principles Rousseau attributes to natural man in his first state of nature?
Self-preservation and pity
Hobbes described the state of nature as 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and ________.'
Hobbes described the state of nature as 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and ________.'
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Match the philosopher with their belief about human nature:
Match the philosopher with their belief about human nature:
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According to Hume, how do we make moral judgments?
According to Hume, how do we make moral judgments?
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Rousseau agrees with Hobbes that humans are naturally oriented towards power and domination.
Rousseau agrees with Hobbes that humans are naturally oriented towards power and domination.
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What must actions conform to in order to be considered moral according to Kant?
What must actions conform to in order to be considered moral according to Kant?
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Kant believed that good will shines on its own, regardless of ________.
Kant believed that good will shines on its own, regardless of ________.
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What does Rousseau say about the second state of nature?
What does Rousseau say about the second state of nature?
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Which philosopher viewed the competitive state as natural and inevitable?
Which philosopher viewed the competitive state as natural and inevitable?
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Rousseau believed that most inequality in the second state of nature was brought about by man.
Rousseau believed that most inequality in the second state of nature was brought about by man.
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What invention does Rousseau identify as a major turning point that led to significant social inequality?
What invention does Rousseau identify as a major turning point that led to significant social inequality?
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Kant believes that social structures foster individuals' talents and abilities, leading to a smarter, more __________ society.
Kant believes that social structures foster individuals' talents and abilities, leading to a smarter, more __________ society.
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Match the philosopher with their perspective on society:
Match the philosopher with their perspective on society:
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What does Rousseau claim leads to artificial inequalities?
What does Rousseau claim leads to artificial inequalities?
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Kant critiques Rousseau's view of the state of nature as a time of peace and equality.
Kant critiques Rousseau's view of the state of nature as a time of peace and equality.
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What does Kant describe as 'unsocial sociability'?
What does Kant describe as 'unsocial sociability'?
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Rousseau argues that the emergence of __________ led to comparisons, merit, pride, and jealousy among individuals.
Rousseau argues that the emergence of __________ led to comparisons, merit, pride, and jealousy among individuals.
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What societal condition does Kant envision for the future?
What societal condition does Kant envision for the future?
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Study Notes
Kant vs Hume: Moral Philosophy
- Hume: Morality stems from sentiment (feeling). Reason helps understand consequences, but sentiment guides moral judgments.
- Hume: Benevolence (kindness) evokes approval and promotes social harmony. Humans are naturally benevolent.
- Hume: Moral judgments hinge on the perceived consequences of actions.
- Hume: Sympathy (sharing feelings) contributes to moral judgment and actions.
- Kant: Morality arises from reason, specifically 'good will'. Moral worth comes from duty (acting according to the moral law, derived from reason).
- Kant: Actions motivated by duty, not pleasurable sentiment, hold moral worth.
- Kant: The Categorical Imperative, a principle derived from pure reason, dictates moral actions.
- Kant: Lying is always wrong, regardless of consequences.
Hobbes vs Rousseau: State of Nature
- Hobbes: Humans are inherently self-interested, driven by power, leading to "war of all against all". Morality doesn't exist in this state.
- Rousseau (Critique of Hobbes): Hobbes conflates characteristics of social man with natural man.
- Rousseau (First State of Nature): Natural man is good, compassionate, and content, focused on survival and driven by self-preservation and pity.
- Rousseau (Second State of Nature): Cooperation emerges due to environmental challenges. Comparison arises, leading to pride and desire for recognition.
- Rousseau (Third State of Nature): Civil institutions emerge, solidifying inequalities, arising from and intensified by property. Agriculture and metallurgy further exacerbate inequality.
- Rousseau: Hobbes's state of war is a result of social development, not inherent human nature.
Rousseau vs Kant
- Rousseau: First state of nature is isolation, then cooperation due to necessity, then comparison, pride, and inequality arise – with property defining the third and most important state.
- Rousseau: Inequality occurs from artificial needs, rather than inherent traits.
- Rousseau: Natural inequalities (strength, ability) differ from artificial inequalities (wealth created through property).
- Kant: Optimistic about human nature and societal progress.
- Kant: Believes in moral autonomy (capacity to discern right from wrong independently).
- Kant: "Unsocial sociability" (self-interest alongside social need) drives societal progress.
- Kant: Social structures enhance individual growth and reason (e.g., development of talents, abilities).
- Kant: Critiques Rousseau's nostalgia for a nonexistent "golden age," preferring a focus on creating a just and progressive future characterized by moral autonomy instead.
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Description
Explore the contrasting views of Kant and Hume on moral philosophy. This quiz will test your understanding of how morality is derived from sentiment according to Hume, versus reason and duty as suggested by Kant. Dive into the fundamental principles that define their ethical theories.
