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Questions and Answers
Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________.
Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________.
more rapidly acting, briefer in action, more localized in action
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
Peptide hormones ___________.
Peptide hormones ___________.
are composed of amino acids
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include:
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include:
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?
Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?
The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______.
The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______.
Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus?
Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus?
Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________.
Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________.
When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases _________.
When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases _________.
A liver cell responds to insulin by __________.
A liver cell responds to insulin by __________.
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
Body cells that respond to insulin include __________.
Body cells that respond to insulin include __________.
When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases ________.
When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases ________.
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called ________.
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called ________.
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a 'moon face.'
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a 'moon face.'
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation.
In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation.
Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals?
Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals?
The drug RU486 interferes with the maintenance of the uterine lining by blocking the receptor for the hormone referred to in the question above about this. Based on this action, RU486 must not be able to cross the cell membrane.
The drug RU486 interferes with the maintenance of the uterine lining by blocking the receptor for the hormone referred to in the question above about this. Based on this action, RU486 must not be able to cross the cell membrane.
The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks glycogen down into its glucose subunits. Given this, which hormone listed below would you predict would increase glycogen phosphorylase activity?
The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks glycogen down into its glucose subunits. Given this, which hormone listed below would you predict would increase glycogen phosphorylase activity?
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine levels are normal?
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine levels are normal?
The main targets for tropic hormones are:
The main targets for tropic hormones are:
Endocrine disruption is a potentially serious public health problem. Fortunately, we can accurately assess the potential of a given compound to interact with our endocrine system simply by examining its chemical structure.
Endocrine disruption is a potentially serious public health problem. Fortunately, we can accurately assess the potential of a given compound to interact with our endocrine system simply by examining its chemical structure.
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they:
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they:
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the ________ appears in the cytoplasm.
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the ________ appears in the cytoplasm.
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually __________.
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually __________.
Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?
Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?
Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?
Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?
The primary function of ADH is to __________.
The primary function of ADH is to __________.
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of __________.
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of __________.
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by __________.
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by __________.
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release:
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release:
The hypophyseal portal system (Check all that apply.):
The hypophyseal portal system (Check all that apply.):
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause __________.
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause __________.
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?
The posterior pituitary gland secretes __________.
The posterior pituitary gland secretes __________.
The hormone oxytocin:
The hormone oxytocin:
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is __________.
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is __________.
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is __________.
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is __________.
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is __________.
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is __________.
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is __________.
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is __________.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is __________.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is __________.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is __________.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is __________.
The term used to describe excess production of urine is __________.
The term used to describe excess production of urine is __________.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia during:
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia during:
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together secrete how many hormones?
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together secrete how many hormones?
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is __________.
The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is __________.
Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease?
Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease?
Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?
Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?
Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?
Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of __________.
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of __________.
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is __________.
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is __________.
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is __________.
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is __________.
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too __________.
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too __________.
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to:
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to:
Which of these statements about the parathyroid gland is false?
Which of these statements about the parathyroid gland is false?
Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release?
Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release?
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't __________.
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't __________.
Which of these is mismatched?
Which of these is mismatched?
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.
The suprarenal medulla produces __________.
The suprarenal medulla produces __________.
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is __________.
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is __________.
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is __________.
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is __________.
Cushing disease results from an excess of __________.
Cushing disease results from an excess of __________.
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of __________.
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of __________.
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except __________.
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except __________.
Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are:
Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are:
Which of these statements about the pineal gland is false?
Which of these statements about the pineal gland is false?
Melatonin is produced by the __________.
Melatonin is produced by the __________.
Which of these statements about melatonin is false?
Which of these statements about melatonin is false?
Which cells are correctly matched to the hormones they produce?
Which cells are correctly matched to the hormones they produce?
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is __________.
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is __________.
Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the __________.
Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the __________.
When blood glucose levels rise, __________.
When blood glucose levels rise, __________.
Type II diabetes is characterized by:
Type II diabetes is characterized by:
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, which statement is true?
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, which statement is true?
A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except __________.
A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except __________.
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.
Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________.
Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________.
Study Notes
Nervous vs. Endocrine System
- The nervous system acts more rapidly compared to the endocrine system, with a briefer and more localized effect.
Hormones and Neurotransmitters
- Norepinephrine and epinephrine serve as hormones in the bloodstream but act as neurotransmitters at synapses.
Types of Hormones
- Peptide hormones consist of amino acids.
- Hormones categorized by chemistry include steroids, eicosanoids, peptides, and amino acid derivatives.
Hormonal Mechanisms
- Cortisol is the only hormone with intracellular receptors.
- Lipid-soluble hormones, upon binding to their receptors, act as transcription factors to activate genes.
Pituitary Gland Functions
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland stimulates thyroid hormone release.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) prompts the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
- Oxytocin (OXT) influences smooth muscle contraction in the ductus deferens and uterus.
Blood Glucose Regulation
- High blood glucose levels trigger the pancreas to release insulin, prompting liver cells to convert glucose into glycogen.
- When glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels through glycogen breakdown.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
Anti-Inflammatory Hormones
- Glucocorticoids are known for their anti-inflammatory effects.
Stress Response
- Epinephrine plays a role in the rapid response to stress, leading to decreased insulin secretion during stress.
Endocrine Disorders
- Symptoms of pheochromocytoma include heart palpitations, related to catecholamine release.
- Cushing's disease is characterized by hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."
Hormonal Actions
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) promotes water retention and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
- Paracrine signals act locally, while endocrine signals travel through circulation.
Hormonal Synthesis
- Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection.
- Drugs like RU486 block hormone receptors without crossing cell membranes.
Hormone Interaction and Targets
- Tropic hormones mainly target endocrine glands.
- Growth hormone excess during development leads to gigantism; excess in adults results in acromegaly.
Pituitary Gland Hormones
- The anterior pituitary releases TSH, ACTH, Growth Hormone (GH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and others.
- Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and affects multiple target organs, including the uterus and mammary glands.
Thyroid Function
- Adequate iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production; deficiency can cause hypothyroidism and other conditions.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- PTH lowers calcium concentration in the blood by acting on osteoclasts; excess PTH can result in osteopenia and elevated blood calcium levels.
Adrenal Hormones
- The adrenal cortex has three zones:
- Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids,
- Zona fasciculata generates glucocorticoids,
- Zona reticularis produces androgens.
Diabetes and Metabolism
- Type II diabetes is marked by resistance to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels and symptoms like excessive thirst and urination.
Hormonal Effects
- Hormones acting in opposition are termed antagonists, while those with additive effects are called synergists.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Kandell Chapter 18. This quiz focuses on the differences between the endocrine and nervous systems, as well as the roles of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of neurobiology.
