Kandell Chapter 18 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________.

more rapidly acting, briefer in action, more localized in action

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be when released into the bloodstream, but when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

Peptide hormones ___________.

are composed of amino acids

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include:

steroids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol Signup and view all the answers

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?

TSH Signup and view all the answers

The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______.

adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus?

OXT Signup and view all the answers

Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________.

lowering blood sugar by insulin Signup and view all the answers

When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases _________.

insulin Signup and view all the answers

A liver cell responds to insulin by __________.

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Signup and view all the answers

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

liver cells Signup and view all the answers

Body cells that respond to insulin include __________.

liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Signup and view all the answers

When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases ________.

glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. Signup and view all the answers

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called ________.

homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations Signup and view all the answers

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a 'moon face.'

Cushing's disease Signup and view all the answers

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin) Signup and view all the answers

In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals?

oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

The drug RU486 interferes with the maintenance of the uterine lining by blocking the receptor for the hormone referred to in the question above about this. Based on this action, RU486 must not be able to cross the cell membrane.

False Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks glycogen down into its glucose subunits. Given this, which hormone listed below would you predict would increase glycogen phosphorylase activity?

glucagon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine levels are normal?

Lower than normal secretion of TSH Signup and view all the answers

The main targets for tropic hormones are:

endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine disruption is a potentially serious public health problem. Fortunately, we can accurately assess the potential of a given compound to interact with our endocrine system simply by examining its chemical structure.

False Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they:

are produced by the suprarenal medulla Signup and view all the answers

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

all of the above Signup and view all the answers

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the ________ appears in the cytoplasm.

second messenger Signup and view all the answers

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually __________.

a G protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?

ACTH Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of ADH is to __________.

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of __________.

ADH Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by __________.

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. Signup and view all the answers

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release:

All of the answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

The hypophyseal portal system (Check all that apply.):

all of the above Signup and view all the answers

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause __________.

gigantism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

All of the answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

The posterior pituitary gland secretes __________.

ADH Signup and view all the answers

The hormone oxytocin:

All of the answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is __________.

TSH Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is __________.

ACTH Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is __________.

FSH Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is __________.

LH Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is __________.

prolactin Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is __________.

ADH Signup and view all the answers

The term used to describe excess production of urine is __________.

polyuria Signup and view all the answers

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia during:

All of the answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together secrete how many hormones?

9 Signup and view all the answers

PRL is to as ACTH is to .

prolactin; corticotropin Signup and view all the answers

The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is __________.

oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease?

Patients with hyperthyroidism often exhibit all of these signs. Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?

iodine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?

osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of __________.

hypothyroidism Signup and view all the answers

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is __________.

thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is __________.

calcitonin. Signup and view all the answers

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too __________.

much androgen production. Signup and view all the answers

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

PTH Signup and view all the answers

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to:

All of the answers are correct. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the parathyroid gland is false?

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release?

All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release. Signup and view all the answers

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't __________.

build up bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is mismatched?

zone reticularis; norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?

ACTH Signup and view all the answers

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.

androgens Signup and view all the answers

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.

glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.

mineralocorticoids. Signup and view all the answers

The suprarenal medulla produces __________.

catecholamines. Signup and view all the answers

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is __________.

cortisol Signup and view all the answers

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is __________.

aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Cushing disease results from an excess of __________.

glucocorticoids. Signup and view all the answers

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of __________.

aldosterone. Signup and view all the answers

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except __________.

ACTH levels Signup and view all the answers

Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are:

mineralocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the pineal gland is false?

False Signup and view all the answers

Melatonin is produced by the __________.

pineal gland. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

False Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are correctly matched to the hormones they produce?

All of the answers are correct. Signup and view all the answers

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is __________.

insulin. Signup and view all the answers

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the __________.

zona reticularis. Signup and view all the answers

When blood glucose levels rise, __________.

insulin is released. Signup and view all the answers

Type II diabetes is characterized by:

a lack of response by target cells to insulin. Signup and view all the answers

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, which statement is true?

All of the answers are correct. Signup and view all the answers

A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except __________.

increased urine production. Signup and view all the answers

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

antagonists Signup and view all the answers

Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________.

synergists Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nervous vs. Endocrine System

The nervous system acts more rapidly compared to the endocrine system, with a briefer and more localized effect.

Hormones and Neurotransmitters

Norepinephrine and epinephrine serve as hormones in the bloodstream but act as neurotransmitters at synapses.

Types of Hormones

Peptide hormones consist of amino acids.
Hormones categorized by chemistry include steroids, eicosanoids, peptides, and amino acid derivatives.

Hormonal Mechanisms

Cortisol is the only hormone with intracellular receptors.
Lipid-soluble hormones, upon binding to their receptors, act as transcription factors to activate genes.

Pituitary Gland Functions

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland stimulates thyroid hormone release.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) prompts the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
Oxytocin (OXT) influences smooth muscle contraction in the ductus deferens and uterus.

Blood Glucose Regulation

High blood glucose levels trigger the pancreas to release insulin, prompting liver cells to convert glucose into glycogen.
When glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels through glycogen breakdown.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Anti-Inflammatory Hormones

Glucocorticoids are known for their anti-inflammatory effects.

Stress Response

Epinephrine plays a role in the rapid response to stress, leading to decreased insulin secretion during stress.

Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms of pheochromocytoma include heart palpitations, related to catecholamine release.
Cushing's disease is characterized by hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Hormonal Actions

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) promotes water retention and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
Paracrine signals act locally, while endocrine signals travel through circulation.

Hormonal Synthesis

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection.
Drugs like RU486 block hormone receptors without crossing cell membranes.

Hormone Interaction and Targets

Tropic hormones mainly target endocrine glands.
Growth hormone excess during development leads to gigantism; excess in adults results in acromegaly.

Pituitary Gland Hormones

The anterior pituitary releases TSH, ACTH, Growth Hormone (GH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and others.
Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and affects multiple target organs, including the uterus and mammary glands.

Thyroid Function

Adequate iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production; deficiency can cause hypothyroidism and other conditions.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

PTH lowers calcium concentration in the blood by acting on osteoclasts; excess PTH can result in osteopenia and elevated blood calcium levels.

Adrenal Hormones

The adrenal cortex has three zones:
- Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids,
- Zona fasciculata generates glucocorticoids,
- Zona reticularis produces androgens.

Diabetes and Metabolism

Type II diabetes is marked by resistance to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels and symptoms like excessive thirst and urination.

Hormonal Effects

Hormones acting in opposition are termed antagonists, while those with additive effects are called synergists.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts from Kandell Chapter 18. This quiz focuses on the differences between the endocrine and nervous systems, as well as the roles of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of neurobiology.

Kandell Chapter 18 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

Peptide hormones ___________.

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include:

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?

The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______.

Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus?

Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________.

When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases _________.

A liver cell responds to insulin by __________.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Body cells that respond to insulin include __________.

When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases ________.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called ________.

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a 'moon face.'

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation.

Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals?

The drug RU486 interferes with the maintenance of the uterine lining by blocking the receptor for the hormone referred to in the question above about this. Based on this action, RU486 must not be able to cross the cell membrane.

The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks glycogen down into its glucose subunits. Given this, which hormone listed below would you predict would increase glycogen phosphorylase activity?

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine levels are normal?

The main targets for tropic hormones are:

Endocrine disruption is a potentially serious public health problem. Fortunately, we can accurately assess the potential of a given compound to interact with our endocrine system simply by examining its chemical structure.

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they:

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the ________ appears in the cytoplasm.

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually __________.

Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?

The primary function of ADH is to __________.

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of __________.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by __________.

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release:

The hypophyseal portal system (Check all that apply.):

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause __________.

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

The posterior pituitary gland secretes __________.

The hormone oxytocin:

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is __________.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is __________.

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is __________.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is __________.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is __________.

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is __________.

The term used to describe excess production of urine is __________.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia during:

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together secrete how many hormones?

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is __________.

Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease?

Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of __________.

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is __________.

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is __________.

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too __________.

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to:

Which of these statements about the parathyroid gland is false?

Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release?

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't __________.

Which of these is mismatched?

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces __________.

The suprarenal medulla produces __________.

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is __________.

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is __________.

Cushing disease results from an excess of __________.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be when released into the bloodstream, but when released at synapses.

PRL is to as ACTH is to .