Digestive system
52 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the uvula during swallowing?

  • To aid in taste perception
  • To close the nasopharynx (correct)
  • To support the soft palate
  • To produce saliva

Which of the following glands is located inferior and anterior to the ears?

  • Parotid gland (correct)
  • Lingual gland
  • Sublingual gland
  • Submandibular gland

Which structure primarily contributes to the hardness of a tooth?

  • Enamel (correct)
  • Cementum
  • Pulp
  • Crown

How many primary (deciduous) teeth are typically present in a child's dentition?

<p>20 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is the tongue primarily composed of?

<p>SKELETAL muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of saliva?

<p>Hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of molars in an adult dentition in each quadrant?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the number of premolars differ between child and adult dentition?

<p>Adults have more premolars than children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the large intestine?

<p>Absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine connects to the ileum?

<p>Caecum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures help form the distinctive pouches called haustra in the colon?

<p>Teniae coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the large intestine contains no taeniae coli?

<p>Rectum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is involved in the internal anal sphincter?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the colon is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity?

<p>Descending colon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During defecation, what controls the opening and closing of the inferior anal canal?

<p>Two anal sphincters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the anal canal's mucosa?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periodontal ligaments?

<p>To attach the root of a tooth to the surrounding bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for movement of the mucosa?

<p>Muscularis mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial tissue lines the esophagus?

<p>Stratified squamous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visceral peritoneum is located where?

<p>Against the surface of the abdominal organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lamina propria in the mucosa layer contain?

<p>Blood and lymphatic vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is found in the muscularis externa of the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the omenta in the peritoneum?

<p>Connecting various organs and containing blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The root canal is primarily associated with which tissue type?

<p>Connective tissue and blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region of the digestive system is simple columnar epithelium primarily found?

<p>Stomach and intestines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes retroperitoneal organs from others in the abdominal cavity?

<p>They are located behind the parietal peritoneum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main function of rugae in the stomach?

<p>To allow expansion of the stomach without tearing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in the small intestine is mainly responsible for absorption?

<p>Enterocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the small intestine is primarily retroperitoneal?

<p>Duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Peyer's patches primarily help to prevent in the small intestine?

<p>Bacterial infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure formed by the extensions of enterocyte cell membranes in the small intestine?

<p>Microvilli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a layer of the muscularis externa in the stomach?

<p>Outer transverse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of secretion is primarily performed by goblet cells in the small intestine?

<p>Mucus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the small intestine significantly increases its absorption surface area?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acinar cells in the pancreas?

<p>To secrete digestive enzymes into ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels?

<p>Pancreas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of pancreatic juice?

<p>Digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure stores and concentrates bile before it is released into the duodenum?

<p>Gall bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the liver is NOT one of its four primary lobes?

<p>Medial lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of duct cells in the pancreas?

<p>To neutralize stomach acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the gall bladder's histology from that of the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Presence of rugae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT located in the right upper quadrant?

<p>Appendix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is found in the upper one-third of the esophagus?

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure regulates the release of stomach contents into the small intestine?

<p>Pyloric sphincter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium primarily forms the mucosal surface of the stomach?

<p>Mucous-secreting epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell type in the gastric glands is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid?

<p>Parietal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gastric glands in the stomach?

<p>Secrete gastric juices into gastric pits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the histology of the esophagus characterized from superior to inferior?

<p>Skeletal muscle, mixed muscle, smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region of the stomach is located superior to the esophageal entrance?

<p>Fundus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is found in the middle one-third of the esophagus?

<p>Mixed muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of the stomach in the digestive process?

<p>Storage and partial digestion of chyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue covers the posterior surface of the pancreas?

<p>Adventitia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Soft Palate

The soft, muscular tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth, behind the hard palate. It helps close off the nasal passage during swallowing.

Uvula

The small, teardrop-shaped projection hanging from the soft palate. It helps to close off the nasal passage during swallowing.

Tongue

A muscular organ in the mouth that is responsible for taste, speech, and swallowing. It is attached to the hyoid bone.

Papillae

Tiny projections on the tongue's surface that contain taste buds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Salivary Glands

Three pairs of glands that produce saliva, a fluid containing enzymes that help break down food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parotid Gland

The largest salivary gland, located near the ear. Inflammation of this gland can cause mumps.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deciduous Teeth

Primary or 'baby' teeth that are replaced by permanent teeth later in life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enamel

The hard, outer layer of teeth. It's the hardest substance in the human body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duodenum's Anterior Surface

The front side of the duodenum is covered by the parietal peritoneum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duodenum's Posterior Surface

The back side of the duodenum is covered by adventitia, which connects the organ to the body wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esophagus Location

The esophagus lies behind (posterior to) the trachea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esophagus's Journey

The esophagus travels through the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esophagus's Transition

The esophagus's muscular layers change as you move from top to bottom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stomach Functions

The stomach stores food, partially digests it, and controls the release of chyme into the small intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Region of Stomach

The top part of the stomach connected to the esophagus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fundus of Stomach

The topmost part of the stomach, above the esophageal entrance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Body of Stomach

The middle section of the stomach.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pyloric Region of Stomach

The bottom part of the stomach where chyme exits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dentin

The hard, yellowish tissue that makes up the bulk of a tooth, located beneath the enamel and surrounding the pulp.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cementum

A thin layer of bone-like tissue that covers the root of a tooth, anchoring it to the periodontal ligament.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Periodontal Ligament

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches the tooth to the jawbone, acting as a shock absorber.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Root Canal

A hollow channel within the root of a tooth that contains the pulp, which includes blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, in direct contact with food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Submucosa

The layer beneath the mucosa in the gastrointestinal tract, containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscularis Externa

The muscular layer of the gastrointestinal tract, responsible for peristalsis, or the movement of food through the tract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serosa

A double-walled membrane that covers the external surface of most abdominal organs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peritoneum

A serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and most abdominal organs, reducing friction between them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rugae

Folds of the stomach lining (mucosa and submucosa) that expand when the stomach fills with food, preventing tearing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscularis Externa of Stomach

The muscular layer of the stomach responsible for churning food, consisting of three layers: inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Small Intestine

The main site of food digestion and absorption, extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enterocytes

The absorptive cells of the small intestine, responsible for taking in digested nutrients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Goblet Cells

Cells in the small intestine that secrete mucus, which lubricates food and protects the lining.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enteroendocrine Cells

Cells in the intestinal glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plicae Circulares

Large folds in the submucosa of the small intestine, increasing surface area for digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Villi

Projections of the mucosa into the small intestine lumen, containing capillaries and lacteals for nutrient absorption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Large Intestine

The final segment of the digestive system, extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus. It is responsible for water absorption, electrolyte balance, vitamin absorption, and the formation of feces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ileocecal Valve

A sphincter muscle that controls the flow of digested food from the small intestine (ileum) into the large intestine (cecum).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, produces and stores feces, and absorbs certain vitamins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Teniae Coli

Three bands of smooth muscle that run lengthwise along the large intestine, giving it a segmented appearance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haustra

Pouches or bulges formed in the large intestine due to the contractions of the teniae coli.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anal Canal

The last part of the large intestine, extending from the rectum to the anus. It's responsible for the passage of feces out of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Anal Sphincter

A ring of smooth muscle that controls the involuntary closure of the anus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

External Anal Sphincter

A ring of skeletal muscle that controls the voluntary closure of the anus; It allows for conscious control over defecation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pancreatic Juice

A fluid secreted by the pancreas containing digestive enzymes (for breaking down food) and alkaline fluid (to neutralize stomach acid).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acinar Cells

Cells in the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes and release them into ducts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duct Cells

Cells in the pancreas that secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones for blood sugar control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin

A hormone produced by beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans that lowers blood sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucagon

A hormone produced by alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans that raises blood sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatocytes

Liver cells that perform many metabolic and digestive functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Digestive System Overview

  • The digestive system includes the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory organs.
  • The GI tract is a tube from mouth to anus.
  • Accessory organs are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.
  • Digestive system processes are ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, and defecation.

Oral Cavity and Pharynx

  • The oral cavity is lined with mucosa (mucous membrane).
  • Mucosa is made of stratified squamous epithelium and lamina propria.
  • The oral cavity includes lips, cheeks, and palate (hard and soft).
  • The hard palate is formed from 2 maxillae and 2 palatine bones.
  • The soft palate is posterior to the hard palate and includes skeletal muscle and the uvula.
  • The uvula rises during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx.

Salivary Glands

  • Three pairs of salivary glands include parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
  • Saliva is mostly water with enzymes.

Dentition (Teeth)

  • Dentition includes primary ("baby") teeth and secondary ("permanent") teeth.
  • Adult dentition has 32 teeth (20 in children).
  • Teeth are classified based on their structure and function (incisors, canines, premolars, molars).
  • Tooth structure includes the crown (covered in enamel), root, neck (boundary between enamel and cementum), and periodontal ligaments that connect the root to the jawbone.

Gastrointestinal Tract Histology

  • The GI tract has four basic layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (or adventitia).
  • Mucosa has epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.
  • Submucosa contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissues.
  • Muscularis externa has an inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer.
  • Serosa (or adventitia) is the outermost layer.

Peritoneum

  • Peritoneum is a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
  • It has visceral peritoneum (against organs) and parietal peritoneum (against abdominal cavity wall).
  • The peritoneal cavity contains serous fluid.
  • Specializations include omenta (e.g., greater omentum).

Esophagus

  • The esophagus passes through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity.
  • The esophageal muscularis externa changes from superior-to-inferior regions from skeletal to smooth muscle.

Stomach

  • The stomach stores, partially digests, and regulates chyme release.
  • The stomach has four regions: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
  • The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestine.
  • Stomach histology includes rugae (folds), mucosa, gastric pits, and gastric glands with specific cell types (chief, parietal, G cells).

Small Intestine

  • The small intestine is the primary site of digestion and absorption.
  • It has three segments: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • The small intestine has specialized structures (plicae circulares, villi, microvilli) to increase surface area for absorption.
  • Specialized cells include enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells.

Large Intestine

  • The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes and forms feces.
  • The large intestine has parts: cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, and anal canal.
  • Parts of the large intestine have specific structures (teniae coli, haustra).
  • Two anal sphincters (internal and external) regulate defecation.

Accessory Organs

  • Accessory organs include the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.
  • Pancreas produces pancreatic juice.
  • Liver produces bile.
  • Gall bladder stores bile.
  • These organs have ducts to deliver secretions to the duodenum.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

  • The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants for anatomical referencing.

Lower GI Tract Blood Circulation

  • Blood circulation in the lower GI tract involves the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.

Medical Conditions

  • Common medical conditions related to the digestive system include GERD, appendicitis, and cholecystitis.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

BIOL1410 Lecture Notes - Digestive System (2024) PDF

More Like This

Gizmos: The Digestive System Assessment
46 questions

Gizmos: The Digestive System Assessment

ImpartialAlbuquerque avatar
ImpartialAlbuquerque
Digestive System Anatomy Quiz
43 questions

Digestive System Anatomy Quiz

KeenMaxwell9176 avatar
KeenMaxwell9176
Chapter 8 The Digestive System Review Quiz
84 questions

Chapter 8 The Digestive System Review Quiz

VirtuousConflict avatar
VirtuousConflict
Digestive System - Peristalsis Overview
10 questions

Digestive System - Peristalsis Overview

WellRegardedObsidian1129 avatar
WellRegardedObsidian1129
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser