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Questions and Answers

What are the elements that make up all carbohydrates?

C, H and O

What is the name given to the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Glucose is a pentose sugar.

False (B)

Which of the following are examples of monosaccharides? (Select all that apply)

<p>Galactose (B), Fructose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Benedict's test can detect sugars that are non-reducing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to a long, unbranched chain of alpha-glucose molecules?

<p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of starch?

<p>Amylose and amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the main energy storage material in animals?

<p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of cell walls in plants?

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the process in which monomers are joined together?

<p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the process in which polymers are broken down into monomers?

<p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the bond that joins two monosaccharides together?

<p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lipids in the body?

<p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the type of lipid with three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule?

<p>Triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to a fatty acid that has no double bonds between any of the carbon atoms in its hydrocarbon tail?

<p>Saturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to a fatty acid that has at least one double bond in its hydrocarbon tail?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the type of lipid that forms the bilayer in cell membranes?

<p>Phospholipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the bond that joins fatty acids to glycerol?

<p>Ester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the basic building block of proteins?

<p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the bond that joins amino acids together?

<p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four levels of protein structure?

<p>Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate?

<p>Active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the amount of energy that must be supplied to the reactants before a chemical reaction can begin?

<p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term given to a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up in the reaction itself?

<p>Catalyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are biological catalysts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lock and key model explains how an enzyme and its substrate interact.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The induced fit model explains how the active site of an enzyme changes shape slightly when the substrate binds to it.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tertiary structure of an enzyme is the final three-dimensional structure of the enzyme.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary structure of an enzyme is determined by a gene.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is always directly proportional to the concentration of the enzyme.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Competitive inhibition is the type of inhibition in which an inhibitor molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-competitive inhibition is the type of inhibition in which an inhibitor does not bind to the active site of an enzyme.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA?

<p>DNA stores genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pentose sugar in a DNA nucleotide is called deoxyribose.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Polymer

A large complex molecule, made up of long chains of monomers.

Monomer

A small molecule that forms the building blocks of a polymer.

Condensation reaction

Two molecules join to form a new bond, releasing water.

Glycosidic bond

The bond formed between monosaccharides in a carbohydrate.

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Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by joining two monosaccharides.

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Monosaccharide

The simplest type of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose).

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Glucose

A six-carbon sugar, important for energy.

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Isomers

Molecules with the same formula but different structure.

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Hydrolysis reaction

Breaking down a polymer to monomers using water.

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Reducing sugar

A sugar that can donate electrons, reacting with Benedict's reagent.

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Benedict's test

A test for reducing sugars, producing color changes.

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Polysaccharide

Many monosaccharides linked together.

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Starch

Plant energy storage, composed of amylose and amylopectin.

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Amylose

Unbranched starch polymer.

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Amylopectin

Branched starch polymer.

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Glycogen

Animal energy storage, highly branched.

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Cellulose

Plant cell wall component, long, unbranched chains.

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Iodine test

Test for starch, changing from brown-orange to bluish-black.

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Triglyceride

Lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

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Fatty acid

Component of a lipid, long hydrocarbon chain.

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Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acid with no double bonds.

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Unsaturated fatty acid

Fatty acid with one or more double bonds.

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Phospholipid

Lipid forming cell membranes.

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Emulsion test

Test for lipids, creating a milky solution in water.

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Enzyme

Biological catalyst that speeds up reactions.

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Activation energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

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Enzyme-substrate complex

Temporary complex formed between enzyme and substrate.

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Study Notes

A-Level Biology Study Notes

  • This book is a complete revision and practice guide for A-Level Biology, Exam Board: AQA.
  • The book contains in-depth, detailed student revision notes for the AQA exam.
  • The book provides revision material for both AS and A-Level exams, by topic.
  • The book includes practice questions with answers and explanations.
  • The book is available from several retailers, including CGP website, Amazon, Waterstones and WHSmith.
  • Authors, editors and contributors are listed.
  • The book was published in 2015.

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