Juvenile Justice System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does 'celerity' refer to in the context of punishment?

  • The diversity of a punishment
  • The swiftness of movement (correct)
  • The severity of punishment
  • The knowledge of criminal behavior

    • Which of the following best describes 'certainty' in rational choice theory?

  • The expectation of punishment that criminals experience (correct)
  • The level of awareness criminals have of crime rates
  • The variability of punishments for different crimes
  • The occurrence of rehabilitation for offenders

    • What is 'recidivism' an important measure of?

  • The diversity of criminal behavior in a population
  • The severity of crimes committed by an offender
  • The number of offenders rehabilitated successfully
  • The likelihood of an offender committing an offense again (correct)

    • In the context of punishment, what does 'severity' imply?

    <p>The need for punishment to outweigh the benefits of crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who argued that punishment should only be severe enough to offset the pleasure gained from committing the crime?

    <p>Cesare Beccaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of 'Drug Courts'?

    <p>To rehabilitate and treat individuals with drug offenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'general deterrence' imply in the context of crime prevention?

    <p>The general public avoids crime due to fear of punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'institutional racism' refer to?

    <p>Racial inequalities stemming from institutional policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the money paid to victims as part of a criminal sanction?

    <p>Restitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'cost-benefit analysis' involve in decision making?

    <p>Evaluating the positive consequences against negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of juvenile courts?

    <p>Best interest of the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Doctrine of Proportionality state?

    <p>Punishments should fit the severity of the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act of 1968?

    <p>To create community-level responses to juvenile delinquency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Deinstitutionalization' refer to?

    <p>Moving residents from institutions to community settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a characteristic of the Due Process Model?

    <p>Protection of civil liberties and individual rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Parens Patriae?

    <p>A doctrine granting guardianship over those unable to care for themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for overseeing the operations of law enforcement in a county?

    <p>The Sheriff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of Informal Diversion achieve?

    <p>Permanently removes a juvenile from the justice system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Parole Board?

    <p>To decide on the release of prisoners on parole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to factors that exist outside of the legal framework?

    <p>Extralegal Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the judicial philosophy of Judicial Restraint emphasize?

    <p>Judges' personal political beliefs should not influence court decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landmark case established the principle of judicial review?

    <p>Marbury v. Madison (1803)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Good Faith Exception allow?

    <p>Admission of evidence obtained under a faulty warrant if police believed it was valid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Supreme Court decision extended rights to juveniles in juvenile court?

    <p>In Re Gault (1967)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Fourth Amendment?

    <p>It protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Supreme Court rule in California v. Greenwood (1988)?

    <p>Searching garbage left outside the home does not require a warrant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Supreme Court ruling dealt with the Sixth Amendment's Right to Counsel?

    <p>Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change did the Warren Court promote during its tenure?

    <p>Expanding civil rights and liberties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Furman v. Georgia (1972)?

    <p>The death penalty was ruled unconstitutional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'standing' refer to in legal terms?

    <p>The requirement of being harmed to bring a case to court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Juvenile Justice System

    • Best Interest of the Child: Guiding principle, primary focus of juvenile courts.
    • Juvenile Delinquency: Violations of law by juveniles.
    • Juvenile Court Act of 1899: Established America's first Juvenile Court in Chicago.
    • Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act of 1968: Federal law for community-level responses to delinquency.
    • Parens Patriae: Government's power to provide guardianship for those needing care.
    • Deinstitutionalization: Process of moving institutional residents (like state hospitals) into the community.
    • Waiver: Transferring a juvenile to adult court, denying special juvenile court treatment.
    • Breed v. Jones (1975): Extended Double Jeopardy protection to juveniles regarding transfer to adult court.
    • In Re Gault (1967): Juveniles in juvenile court must receive due process rights (similar to adults, but not all).
    • In Re Winship (1970): Evidentiary standard for juveniles is "beyond a reasonable doubt."
    • McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971): Juveniles aren't entitled to jury trials in juvenile court.
    • Schall v. Martin (1984): Upheld pre-trial detention of juveniles considered a serious community risk.

    Criminal Justice System

    • Crime Control Model: Emphasis on aggressive crime suppression.
    • Due Process Model: Emphasis on protecting civil liberties.
    • Doctrine of Proportionality: Punishment should fit the crime.
    • Extralegal Factors: Factors outside the law (e.g., race).
    • Informal Diversion: Removing someone from the system without a conviction.
    • Parole Board: Decides if a prisoner can be released on parole.
    • Policy: Guiding principles of an organization.
    • Politicized: Made political.
    • Politics: Activities and debates surrounding government.
    • Preponderance of the Evidence: Evidentiary standard in civil cases.
    • Sheriff: Chief law enforcement officer of a county.
    • Static: Unchanging; in this context, usually referring to unchanging factors that could contribute to discrimination.
    • Fourth Amendment: Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
    • Fifth Amendment: Protects against self-incrimination, double jeopardy.
    • Sixth Amendment: Right to counsel.
    • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): Nonprofit focused on preserving civil liberties.
    • Article III: Establishes the Supreme Court and its court system.
    • Standing: Requirement that only harmed parties can sue.

    Criminal Justice Theories and Practices

    • Rational Choice Theory: People choose actions based on costs/benefits.
    • Deterrence: Punishment prevents future crime (specific/general).
    • Severity: Punishment should offset pleasure of crime.
    • Certainty: Punishment must be relatively sure to be effective.
    • Celerity: Swiftness of punishment.
    • Culpable Mental State: Mental state required for criminal blame.
    • Incapacitation: Removing an offender's ability to commit crimes.
    • Rehabilitation: Restoring an offender to a non-criminal state.
    • Restitution: Money paid to crime victims.
    • Drug Courts: Specialized courts focusing on drug offenses and rehabilitation.
    • Disproportionate Minority Contact: Minority youths more likely to encounter the justice system (likely caused by systemic and individual racism).
    • Racial Discrimination: Unequal treatment based on race.
    • Racism: Belief that some races are superior.
    • Individual Racism: Racism based on one's personal attitudes and beliefs.
    • Institutional Racism: Racial inequalities from institutional policies.
    • Fair Sentencing Act of 2010: Reduced sentencing disparity for crack vs. powder cocaine.
    • Recidivism: Relapse into criminal behavior.

    Court Decisions and Philosophy

    • Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established judicial review.
    • Moot: A legal case where further action has no practical effect.
    • Judicial Activism: Decisions based on personal belief/politics, not law.
    • Judicial Restraint: Decisions based on existing law, not personal beliefs.
    • Liberal Decisions: Decisions upholding civil rights over order.
    • Conservative Decisions: Decisions aligning with crime control.
    • Conservative/Liberal: Political viewpoints.
    • Limited Jurisdiction: Courts with authority over specific cases.
    • Warren Court (1953-1969): Known for the Civil Rights Revolution, very liberal (Earl Warren).
    • Burger Court (1969-1986): Presiding Justice Warren Burger era of the Supreme Court.
    • Rehnquist Court (1986-2005): Very conservative (William Rehnquist).
    • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Established right to counsel for indigent defendants.
    • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Required police warnings before custodial interrogations.
    • Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Exclusionary rule extended to state courts.
    • Wolf v. Colorado (1949): Exclusionary rule not constitutionally required in state courts.
    • Furman v. Georgia (1972): Effectively made the death penalty unconstitutional.
    • Gregg v. Georgia (1976): Upheld the death penalty.
    • Terry v. Ohio (1968): Established reasonable suspicion standard for stops and frisks.
    • Chimel v. California (1969): Limited search incident to arrest.
    • California v. Greenwood (1988): No warrant needed to search garbage outside the home.
    • Maryland v. Garrison (1987): "Good faith" exception to exclusionary rule.
    • Right to Counsel: Sixth Amendment guarantee of legal representation.
    • Justice Anthony Kennedy: Swing vote, appointed by President Ronald Reagan.
    • Justice Elena Kagan/Justice Sonia Sotomayor/Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg/Justice Stephen Breyer: Appointed justices with generally liberal/moderate voting patterns.
    • Good Faith Exception: Allows use of illegally obtained evidence if police acted reasonably.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key principles and laws surrounding the juvenile justice system. From the best interest of the child to landmark court cases, explore the foundational concepts that guide juvenile courts. This quiz covers important acts and concepts such as delinquency, due process rights, and waivers.

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