Juvenile Justice Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of juvenile courts?

  • Best interest of the child (correct)
  • Crime control and suppression
  • Political decision making
  • Punishment fitting the crime

Which term describes the process of relocating individuals from institutions into the community?

  • Juvenile delinquency
  • Informal diversion
  • Deinstitutionalization (correct)
  • Parole process

What does the Doctrine of Proportionality emphasize regarding punishment?

  • Punishments can be arbitrary
  • Punishment should be severe regardless of the crime
  • Punishment should reflect social opinions
  • Punishment should fit the crime (correct)

What does the Due Process Model prioritize within the criminal justice system?

<p>Protection of civil liberties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'extralegal factor'?

<p>Elements that fall outside or contradict established law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act aimed to address juvenile delinquency through community responses?

<p>Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act of 1968 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Parens Patriae' refer to?

<p>The government's role as a guardian for those in need (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a parole board?

<p>To determine a prisoner's eligibility for parole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'waiver' signify in juvenile courts?

<p>The transfer of a juvenile to adult court (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'politicized'?

<p>When an issue acquires political significance or character (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Judicial Activism imply about court decisions?

<p>Decisions reflect personal political beliefs of the judges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to a judicial philosophy that discourages judges from allowing personal beliefs to affect decisions?

<p>Judicial Restraint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Supreme Court Justice is known to be a swing vote in closely contested decisions?

<p>Justice Anthony Kennedy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Limited Jurisdiction refer to?

<p>The authority to hear only certain types of cases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which landmark case established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review?

<p>Marbury v. Madison (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the state where further legal proceedings would have no practical effect?

<p>Moot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of decisions tend to uphold civil rights over public order?

<p>Liberal Decisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideological inclination is associated with preserving traditions and the current order?

<p>Conservatism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which constitutional amendment guarantees the Right to Counsel?

<p>Sixth Amendment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which Chief Justiceship did the Warren Court achieve prominence?

<p>Earl Warren (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What landmark decision established a 'good faith' exception to the exclusionary rule?

<p>Garrison (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which case determined that juveniles are not entitled to a trial by jury in juvenile court?

<p>McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Supreme Court decision mandated the issuance of warnings regarding constitutional rights before a custodial interrogation?

<p>Miranda v. Arizona (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What standard was established by Terry v. Ohio regarding stop and frisk procedures?

<p>Reasonable suspicion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which case upheld pretrial detention of a juvenile deemed a serious risk to the community?

<p>Schall v. Martin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Search Incident to Arrest' refer to?

<p>A search of a person and immediate surroundings at the time of arrest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the Supreme Court, under William Rehnquist, express a tendency to vote conservatively?

<p>Rehnquist Court (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ruling did Breed v. Jones (1975) extend to juveniles regarding the Double Jeopardy protection?

<p>Juveniles cannot be transferred to adult court without a hearing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Supreme Court decision established that police do not need a warrant to search garbage left outside the home?

<p>California v. Greenwood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Furman v. Georgia (1972) achieve regarding the death penalty?

<p>It made the death penalty unconstitutional in certain cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which SCOTUS decision established the right to appointed counsel for indigent offenders?

<p>Gideon v. Wainwright (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Good Faith Exception to the exclusionary rule allow?

<p>Admission of evidence obtained without a warrant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of In Re Gault (1967) regarding the rights of juveniles in court?

<p>Juveniles are granted many due process rights, but not all. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures?

<p>Fourth Amendment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidentiary standard was established for juveniles by In Re Winship (1970)?

<p>Beyond a reasonable doubt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the concept of celerity in rational choice theory?

<p>To indicate that punishment should be administered swiftly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the mental state that makes a person worthy of blame for a criminal act?

<p>Culpable Mental State (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does general deterrence focus on in the context of criminal law?

<p>Deterring society from crime based on punishment examples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who advocated for punishment to be only as severe as necessary to prevent crime pleasure?

<p>Cesare Beccaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended outcome of incapacitation in the criminal justice system?

<p>To prevent future crimes by restricting offenders' actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes individual racism from institutional racism?

<p>Individual racism is rooted in personal beliefs, while institutional racism is based on policies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 aim to address?

<p>Reducing sentencing disparities between crack and powdered cocaine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept involves analyzing positive and negative consequences in decision-making?

<p>Cost Benefit Analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Disproportionate Minority Contact a reference to in the juvenile justice system?

<p>The disproportionate contact of minority youth with the justice system and law enforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes racism?

<p>The belief that some races are superior to others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in the context of civil rights?

<p>It declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional, marking a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Rehnquist Court's approach to constitutional interpretation differ from that of the Warren Court?

<p>The Rehnquist Court emphasized a more originalist and textualist approach, focusing on historical context and states' rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the impact of the Roe v. Wade decision on reproductive rights in the United States.

<p>It established a woman's right to an abortion, significantly influencing debates and laws regarding reproductive rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What judicial philosophy characterized the Warren Court's decisions regarding individual rights?

<p>The Warren Court prioritized broad interpretations of the Constitution to safeguard fundamental rights and liberties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of United States v. Lopez (1995) in terms of federalism?

<p>It limited Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce, reinforcing the balance of power between federal and state governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Best Interest of the Child

The guiding principle in juvenile courts, focusing on what's best for the child.

Crime Control Model

The justice system approach centered on controlling crime through punishment.

Deinstitutionalization

Moving people from institutions like hospitals to the community.

Doctrine of Proportionality

Punishment should fit the crime; neither too harsh nor too lenient.

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Due Process Model

Focuses on individual rights and freedoms within the justice system.

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Juvenile Delinquency

Illegal acts committed by minors.

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Juvenile Court Act of 1899

Established America's first juvenile court in Chicago.

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Informal Diversion

Removing a person from the justice system without a conviction.

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Waiver

Transferring a juvenile to adult court, denying juvenile court procedures.

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Parole Board

Decides if inmates should be released on parole.

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Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional. It was established in the Marbury v. Madison case.

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Article III

This part of the U.S. Constitution defines the Supreme Court and gives Congress the power to create lower federal courts.

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Standing

A requirement that a person must have a direct, personal stake in a lawsuit before they can bring it to court.

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Conservative Decisions

Court decisions that favor the crime control model, focusing on public order and law enforcement.

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Liberal Decisions

Court decisions that prioritize individual rights and freedoms, often upholding civil liberties.

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Judicial Activism

When judges interpret the law based on their personal beliefs rather than following the existing law.

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Judicial Restraint

The idea that judges should avoid imposing their personal beliefs and instead focus on applying the law as it is written.

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Moot

A case where the outcome is no longer relevant or important, making it academic and of no practical value.

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Right to Counsel

The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a lawyer in criminal cases.

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Warren Court

The Supreme Court during Earl Warren's time (1953-1969), known for its numerous liberal decisions.

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Good Faith Exception

A legal rule allowing evidence obtained through a flawed warrant to be used in court if the police reasonably believed the warrant was valid.

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McKeiver v.Pennsylvania

A Supreme Court decision that confirmed juveniles are not entitled to a jury trial in juvenile court.

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Miranda Warnings

Required statements police must read to suspects before questioning, informing them of their rights to remain silent and have an attorney present.

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Rehnquist Court

The Supreme Court from 1986-2005, known for its conservative rulings emphasizing law enforcement.

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Schall v.Martin

This case upheld the detention of juveniles who pose a serious risk to the community before trial.

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Search Incident to Arrest

Police can legally search a person and their immediate surroundings during a lawful arrest.

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Terry v.Ohio

Established the 'reasonable suspicion' standard for a brief stop and frisk, allowing officers to detain individuals based on suspicion of criminal activity.

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Double Jeopardy for Juveniles

The protection against being tried twice for the same crime applies to juveniles, meaning they can't be tried in juvenile court and then transferred to adult court without a hearing.

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Burger Court Era

The period when Warren E. Burger served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1969-1986), known for its rulings on criminal justice, civil rights, and other important issues.

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Garbage as Evidence

Police don't need a warrant to search garbage left outside the home because it's considered abandoned by the owner.

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Search Scope During Arrest

When arresting someone, police can only search the area within the arrestee's immediate control, not the whole house or vehicle.

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Civil Rights Revolution

A period of major social and legal changes during the 1960s, primarily driven by the Warren Court's rulings expanding civil rights and protections.

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Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

The Fourth Amendment prohibits the government from conducting unreasonable searches and seizures without a warrant or probable cause.

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Death Penalty's Constitutionality

Furman v. Georgia made the death penalty effectively unconstitutional, but Gregg v. Georgia later reinstated it with specific guidelines.

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Right to Counsel for Indigents

Gideon v. Wainwright established that the right to legal representation applies to everyone charged with serious crimes, regardless of financial status.

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Celerity

The speed of punishment. It's one factor in rational choice theory, suggesting swift punishment is more effective in deterring crime.

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Certainty

This refers to the likelihood that a criminal will be caught and punished. It's a key element of rational choice theory, suggesting that criminals weigh the risks of getting caught.

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Cesare Beccaria

An 18th-century philosopher who advocated for punishment only severe enough to outweigh the pleasure gained from committing the crime.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis

A method of decision-making that weighs the positive and negative consequences of different choices.

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Deterrence

The idea that punishment discourages future crimes, either discouraging the offender from repeating the act (specific deterrence) or by setting an example to others (general deterrence).

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Drug Court

Specialized courts focusing on drug offenses, aiming for rehabilitation and treatment instead of solely punishment.

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Incapacitation

The aim of removing the ability of an offender to commit further crimes, usually by imprisonment.

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Multiethnic

Consisting of multiple ethnic groups.

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Multiracial

Consisting of multiple racial groups.

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Racial Discrimination

Treating someone less favorably due solely to their race.

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Burger Court

The court that presided from 1969-1986, known for its more conservative approach and a focus on balancing individual and societal rights.

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Exclusionary Rule

A legal rule that prevents evidence obtained illegally from being used in criminal trials.

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Originalist/Textualist

A method of interpreting the Constitution by focusing on the original meaning of the words used.

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Study Notes

Juvenile Justice Concepts

  • Best Interest of the Child: Guiding principle and primary focus of juvenile courts.
  • Crime Control Model: Criminal justice system emphasizing crime suppression and control.
  • Deinstitutionalization: Moving residents from institutions (like hospitals) to the community.
  • Doctrine of Proportionality: Punishment should fit the crime, avoiding excessive leniency or harshness.
  • Due Process Model: Criminal justice system prioritizing civil liberties.
  • Extralegal Factors: Factors outside the law, contrary to it.
  • Informal Diversion: Removing someone from the justice system without a criminal record.
  • Juvenile Court Act of 1899: Established the first American Juvenile Court in Chicago.
  • Juvenile Delinquency: Law violations committed by juveniles.
  • Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act of 1968: Federal law promoting community-based responses to juvenile delinquency.
  • Parens Patriae: Government's right to care for those needing supervision, especially children.
  • Parole Board: Decides if a prisoner can be released early (parole).
  • Partisan Politics: Political decision-making influenced by party interests and ideologies.
  • Policy: Guiding principles an organization adopts.
  • Politicized: Becoming involved in or affected by politics.
  • Politics: Government activities and public debates surrounding them.
  • Preponderance of the Evidence: Standard for winning in civil cases – having the more convincing evidence.
  • Sheriff: Chief law enforcement officer of a county (originating in feudal England).
  • Static/Static Factors: Unchanging factors.
  • Waiver: Transferring a juvenile to adult court, denying juvenile court special treatment.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in juvenile justice, including the best interest of the child, crime control models, and the history of juvenile courts. It also covers important legislation and principles guiding the juvenile justice system. Test your knowledge on these pivotal topics!

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