Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily determines whether an individual falls within your scope of justice?
What primarily determines whether an individual falls within your scope of justice?
Which of the following is a factor that can influence the narrowing of justice in times of conflict?
Which of the following is a factor that can influence the narrowing of justice in times of conflict?
Which type of justice is concerned with how rewards and punishments are distributed?
Which type of justice is concerned with how rewards and punishments are distributed?
What aspect of procedural justice is assessed by the accuracy of the information used in decision-making?
What aspect of procedural justice is assessed by the accuracy of the information used in decision-making?
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What results from a perceived injustice that is central when other goals become irrelevant?
What results from a perceived injustice that is central when other goals become irrelevant?
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What is the psychological boundary for whom justice applies called?
What is the psychological boundary for whom justice applies called?
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Which of the following statements best describes the societal view of those outside the scope of justice?
Which of the following statements best describes the societal view of those outside the scope of justice?
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How does procedural justice relate to job satisfaction compared to distributive justice?
How does procedural justice relate to job satisfaction compared to distributive justice?
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What does distributive justice primarily focus on?
What does distributive justice primarily focus on?
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Which factor can significantly influence perceptions of justice?
Which factor can significantly influence perceptions of justice?
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Which scenario best illustrates procedural justice?
Which scenario best illustrates procedural justice?
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What is the primary motivation behind social exchange theory in the context of justice?
What is the primary motivation behind social exchange theory in the context of justice?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT identified by Leventhal as crucial to the salience of justice?
Which of the following conditions is NOT identified by Leventhal as crucial to the salience of justice?
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How do individuals often react when they perceive injustice, according to research findings?
How do individuals often react when they perceive injustice, according to research findings?
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What primarily distinguishes psychological boundaries of justice from other types of justice?
What primarily distinguishes psychological boundaries of justice from other types of justice?
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What is a common behavior of individuals who are overpaid, as suggested by research?
What is a common behavior of individuals who are overpaid, as suggested by research?
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What is the primary focus of Relative Deprivation Theory?
What is the primary focus of Relative Deprivation Theory?
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In the context of distributive justice, what does equity imply?
In the context of distributive justice, what does equity imply?
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Which culture values equity for in-group members and equality for out-group members?
Which culture values equity for in-group members and equality for out-group members?
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What is the main distinction between procedural and distributive justice?
What is the main distinction between procedural and distributive justice?
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According to the research by Murphy-Berman et al. (2002), participants from Hong Kong prefer which type of distribution?
According to the research by Murphy-Berman et al. (2002), participants from Hong Kong prefer which type of distribution?
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What does the concept of retributive justice emphasize?
What does the concept of retributive justice emphasize?
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Which factor is linked more strongly to job satisfaction according to Alexander & Ruderman (1987)?
Which factor is linked more strongly to job satisfaction according to Alexander & Ruderman (1987)?
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What concept involves understanding oneself through group membership and drives extra-role behavior?
What concept involves understanding oneself through group membership and drives extra-role behavior?
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Study Notes
Justice and Injustice
- Social Psychologists' Focus: How individuals subjectively experience justice and injustice; not defining justice itself, but studying perceptions and reactions. Interested in understanding fairness/injustice and using this knowledge to create more just societies.
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Key Questions:
- What do people perceive as fair?
- How are these perceptions formed?
- How do perceptions of fairness influence thoughts, feelings, and actions?
- What do people do to achieve justice?
- What is Justice?: Treating others fairly based on entitlement; giving people what they deserve, and receiving what is deserved.
- What is Injustice?: Receiving rewards or punishments disproportionate to what is deserved.
- Social Exchange Theory: Early psychologists believed self-interest was the primary motivator; Social Exchange Theory suggests people maximize rewards and minimize effort. Fairness isn't the main priority, but the appearance of fairness is.
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Research on Motivation and Justice:
- Overpaid individuals feel discomfort, and underpaid individuals work less if they perceive injustice.
- Overpaid people might leave for a fairer environment.
- Some redistribute resources to disadvantaged groups to restore a perceived sense of justice.
- Children prefer equal distribution of resources, even when it costs them.
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Leventhal's (1976) Conditions for Justice Salient:
- When an authority figure makes the decisions.
- When injustice is perceived.
- When other goals are not relevant.
- In pluralistic (diverse) societies.
- During resource scarcity.
- Scope of Justice: The psychological boundary for whom justice applies. Those inside the boundary are treated fairly and morally. Those outside may not necessarily be treated the same. Important factors include factors such as similarity, context of conflict (e.g., war), and utility.
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Studies on Scope of Justice:
- Volunteers have a wider scope of justice when working with refugees.
- Individuals can broaden the scope of justice to include less related beings (e.g., insects) if there is a beneficial utility outcome.
Types of Justice
- Procedural Justice: How decisions are made (e.g., fair process for allocation of resources). Key aspects include consistency, lack of bias, accuracy, correctability, representation, and ethicality. Procedural justice has a stronger effect on organizational commitment, job satisfaction than distributive justice.
- Distributive Justice: How rewards and punishments are allocated. People compare their inputs with output, comparing to others; this includes principles of equity, equality, and need.
Distributive Justice Theories
- Relative Deprivation Theory: Individuals compare their outcomes to others' (e.g., income inequality).
- Equity Theory: Fairness is judged by comparison of inputs and outcomes.
- Equality Theory: Everyone receives the same regardless of input.
- Need-Based Theory: Allocation based on individual needs (e.g., healthcare).
- Research on Distributive Justice: Different cultures have varying perspectives on justice. For example, collectivist cultures may prioritize equality within their group, but equity for out-groups.
Justice and Punishment Distribution
- Equitable Justice: Punishment is directly proportional to the crime.
- Equality: Same punishment for the same crime.
- Need: Punishment is based on deterrence or compensation for victims.
- Retributive Justice: Punishment is a proportional response to crime, to restore justice.
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Description
Explore the perceptions of justice and injustice from a social psychologist's perspective. This quiz delves into how individuals define fairness, the influence of these perceptions on behavior, and the theoretical frameworks that inform our understanding of justice. Test your knowledge on key concepts like Social Exchange Theory and the essence of justice.
