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Questions and Answers
What can trigger fairness concerns in individuals according to Leventhal's conditions?
What can trigger fairness concerns in individuals according to Leventhal's conditions?
Which factor does NOT influence the scope of justice for an individual?
Which factor does NOT influence the scope of justice for an individual?
In pluralistic societies, what happens to justice issues?
In pluralistic societies, what happens to justice issues?
What type of justice focuses on how rewards and punishments are distributed?
What type of justice focuses on how rewards and punishments are distributed?
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Which condition would likely lead to a narrowing of one's scope of justice?
Which condition would likely lead to a narrowing of one's scope of justice?
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What is the effect of similarity on the scope of justice regarding individuals?
What is the effect of similarity on the scope of justice regarding individuals?
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How is procedural justice defined?
How is procedural justice defined?
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What psychological effect often occurs towards those outside the scope of justice?
What psychological effect often occurs towards those outside the scope of justice?
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What do social psychologists primarily study in relation to justice?
What do social psychologists primarily study in relation to justice?
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How do individuals traditionally assess whether something is just or unjust?
How do individuals traditionally assess whether something is just or unjust?
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Which aspect of social exchange theory suggests people's actions are based on maximizing rewards?
Which aspect of social exchange theory suggests people's actions are based on maximizing rewards?
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What reaction did overpaid students exhibit according to Pritchard et al. (1972)?
What reaction did overpaid students exhibit according to Pritchard et al. (1972)?
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What was a significant finding regarding children's sense of fairness in the Skittles study by McAuliffe et al. (2015)?
What was a significant finding regarding children's sense of fairness in the Skittles study by McAuliffe et al. (2015)?
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Which of the following best describes injustice as stated in the study materials?
Which of the following best describes injustice as stated in the study materials?
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What do social psychologists attempt to create through their research on justice?
What do social psychologists attempt to create through their research on justice?
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What key point differentiates fairness from the appearance of fairness in social exchange theory?
What key point differentiates fairness from the appearance of fairness in social exchange theory?
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Which principle of procedural justice emphasizes the importance of a system being fair for everyone involved?
Which principle of procedural justice emphasizes the importance of a system being fair for everyone involved?
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What is the primary focus of equity theory in terms of justice?
What is the primary focus of equity theory in terms of justice?
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What type of justice distribution is prioritized in collectivist cultures according to the research of Leung & Bond?
What type of justice distribution is prioritized in collectivist cultures according to the research of Leung & Bond?
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In terms of punishment distribution, what does equitable justice emphasize?
In terms of punishment distribution, what does equitable justice emphasize?
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Which of the following statements is true concerning procedural justice?
Which of the following statements is true concerning procedural justice?
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Which concept dictates that everyone receives the same outcomes irrespective of their individual input?
Which concept dictates that everyone receives the same outcomes irrespective of their individual input?
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What is a common preference observed in Americans regarding distributive justice?
What is a common preference observed in Americans regarding distributive justice?
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What characteristic of procedural justice ensures that decision-makers are impartial and avoid self-interest?
What characteristic of procedural justice ensures that decision-makers are impartial and avoid self-interest?
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What happens to the scope of justice when individuals perceive injustice?
What happens to the scope of justice when individuals perceive injustice?
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Which of the following factors primarily influences the determination of who falls within an individual's scope of justice?
Which of the following factors primarily influences the determination of who falls within an individual's scope of justice?
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How does resource scarcity affect justice concerns?
How does resource scarcity affect justice concerns?
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What defines justice according to social psychologists?
What defines justice according to social psychologists?
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What is the primary psychological boundary that defines the scope of justice?
What is the primary psychological boundary that defines the scope of justice?
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What primarily influences how individuals perceive fairness?
What primarily influences how individuals perceive fairness?
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In pluralistic societies, what is the impact on justice issues?
In pluralistic societies, what is the impact on justice issues?
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According to Social Exchange Theory, what is the main priority for individuals?
According to Social Exchange Theory, what is the main priority for individuals?
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What reaction did underpaid students exhibit according to the research by Pritchard et al. (1972)?
What reaction did underpaid students exhibit according to the research by Pritchard et al. (1972)?
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Which type of justice is concerned with the fairness of how decisions are made?
Which type of justice is concerned with the fairness of how decisions are made?
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What effect does conflict context have on an individual's scope of justice?
What effect does conflict context have on an individual's scope of justice?
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Which phenomenon was observed in the Skittles study regarding children’s sense of fairness?
Which phenomenon was observed in the Skittles study regarding children’s sense of fairness?
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How do people typically respond toward individuals outside their scope of justice?
How do people typically respond toward individuals outside their scope of justice?
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Which statement best conveys the concept of injustice?
Which statement best conveys the concept of injustice?
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What type of behavior might individuals exhibit to achieve justice in response to perceived unfairness?
What type of behavior might individuals exhibit to achieve justice in response to perceived unfairness?
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What aspect of fairness does the Social Exchange Theory primarily neglect?
What aspect of fairness does the Social Exchange Theory primarily neglect?
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Which criterion of procedural justice emphasizes the importance of allowing individuals to appeal or correct decisions?
Which criterion of procedural justice emphasizes the importance of allowing individuals to appeal or correct decisions?
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What does the term 'equity' refer to in the context of distributive justice?
What does the term 'equity' refer to in the context of distributive justice?
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Which of the following statements best describes differences in cultural preferences for justice distribution?
Which of the following statements best describes differences in cultural preferences for justice distribution?
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In terms of punishment distribution, which concept indicates that the punishment should correlate directly with the severity of the crime?
In terms of punishment distribution, which concept indicates that the punishment should correlate directly with the severity of the crime?
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Which of the following best describes the principle of representativeness in procedural justice?
Which of the following best describes the principle of representativeness in procedural justice?
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How does the Relative Deprivation Theory explain perceptions of justice?
How does the Relative Deprivation Theory explain perceptions of justice?
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Which cultural group was found to value equity over need when it comes to distribution?
Which cultural group was found to value equity over need when it comes to distribution?
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In which scenario is equity theory considered a more appropriate method of assessing fairness compared to equality?
In which scenario is equity theory considered a more appropriate method of assessing fairness compared to equality?
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Study Notes
Justice and Injustice
- Social psychologists study how individuals experience justice and injustice subjectively, not defining justice but examining how people perceive and react to it.
- They are interested in how individuals react to justice and injustice, determine if something is just or unjust, and use their research to create a more just society.
- Key questions social psychologists ask include: what people perceive as fair, how fairness perceptions are formed, how fairness influences thoughts, feelings, and actions, and what people do to achieve justice.
What is Justice?
- Justice is treating others fairly, based on entitlement, giving people what they deserve and receiving what one is entitled to.
What is Injustice?
- Injustice occurs when people receive rewards or punishments that are disproportionate to what they deserve.
Social Exchange Theory of Justice
- Early psychologists believed people are motivated by self-interest, leading to the Social Exchange Theory.
- People try to maximize rewards and minimize effort.
- Fairness isn't prioritized, but the appearance of fairness is.
Research on Motivation and Justice
- Overpaid students experience discomfort when receiving unfair compensation.
- Underpaid students do less work if they feel unjustly treated.
- Overpaid individuals may still leave a job if it's considered unfair, while others will redistribute resources to disadvantaged groups.
- Individuals are motivated not only by self-interest but also by a desire for justice.
Conditions Where Justice Becomes Salient
- When an authority figure makes a decision.
- Perceived injustice triggers fairness concerns.
- Other goals are not important.
- Justice issues are prevalent in diverse societies.
- Justice concerns are heightened during resource scarcity.
The Scope of Justice
- Justice applies to a psychological boundary.
- People within that boundary receive fairness and moral consideration, those outside do not.
- Factors influencing scope include similarity to the target, the context of conflict, and utility.
- Morals and values apply to those inside the scope.
- Apathy for those outside the scope.
- War and conflict often define others outside the scope of justice, allowing harmful behaviour.
- People tend to dehumanize those outside their scope.
- Similarity to target, context of conflict, utility.
Studies on Scope of Justice
- Volunteers have a higher scope of justice when involved with refugees and showed how more beings can be included in the scope of justice by demonstrating utility and reducing harm/conflict.
- Participants did not include those similar to humans but deemed less useful (e.g., pests).
- Animals, primates, and even specific animals (like the bombardier beetle) can be included or excluded depending on their perceived utility and conflict context.
Types of Justice
- Procedural Justice: Fairness of decision-making processes. Includes criteria like consistency, suppression of bias, accuracy, correctability, representativeness, and ethicality.
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Distributive Justice: Perceived fairness of how rewards and punishments are allocated.
- Criteria for Procedural Justice: Consistency, suppression of bias, accuracy, correctability, representativeness, ethicality.
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Distribution Theories: Relative deprivation, equity, and need-based theories.
- Equity theory judges fairness by comparing inputs to outputs.
- Equity – your outcome should reflect your input
- Equality – everyone gets the same, regardless of input
- Need – distribution based on need (e.g. healthcare)
Research on Distributive Justice
- Some cultures value equal allocation for in-group members and equitable distribution for out-group members, while others prefer equity within and equality outside the group (e.g., Chinese collectivist vs. American individualist).
Justice & Punishment Distribution
- Equitable justice: Punishment should be proportional to the crime.
- Equality: Same punishment for similar crimes.
- Need: Punishment based on deterrence or compensation.
- Retributive Justice: Focuses on punishment as proportional response to crime to restore justice.
Procedural vs. Distributive Justice
- Procedural justice impacts job satisfaction, trust, and organizational commitment.
- Distributive justice affects individual behavior and perceptions of fairness.
- Procedural fairness is more closely related to job satisfaction.
- Distributive justice is more strongly linked to job satisfaction.
- Procedural justice influences commitment and performance.
Group Engagement Model
- Social Identity: Group membership shapes how people understand themselves, driving additional behaviours.
Extra-role Behavior
- Procedural justice and economic outcomes motivate extra-role behavior.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of justice and injustice as studied by social psychologists. It delves into how individuals perceive fairness, the factors influencing their judgments, and the implications for creating a just society. Test your knowledge on the principles of justice and social exchange theory!
