Judicial Branch Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when the Court can declare a Legislative or Executive act unconstitutional?

  • Appeal
  • Verdict
  • Precedent
  • Judicial Review (correct)

What defines a Jury Trial?

  • A trial decided by a judge only
  • A trial without a witness
  • A trial where juries make findings of fact (correct)
  • A trial that deals with federal law only

Which jurisdiction involves cases that arise under federal law?

  • Federal Jurisdiction (correct)
  • Concurrent Jurisdiction
  • State Jurisdiction
  • Appellate Jurisdiction

Which of the following statements is true about Civil Cases?

<p>They involve harm or violation of someone's rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many justices compose the highest court in the United States?

<p>9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Chief Justice?

<p>To lead the Supreme Court (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between State Courts and Federal Courts?

<p>State Courts address local issues, while Federal Courts handle federal matters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Appellate Jurisdiction?

<p>To review a case that has already been decided (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of state courts?

<p>To hear all cases not specifically selected for federal courts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for nominating Supreme Court Justices?

<p>The President of the United States (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of McCulloch v. Maryland?

<p>It affirmed the Federal Government's right to establish a Federal bank (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which case did the Supreme Court declare an act of Congress unconstitutional for the first time?

<p>Marbury v. Madison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What doctrine was upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson?

<p>The constitutionality of racial segregation under 'separate but equal' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?

<p>It stated that segregation of schools was not equal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Judicial Branch?

<p>To decide the constitutionality of federal laws (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central issue in Gideon v. Wainwright?

<p>The right to counsel in criminal cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument presented by Gideon in his habeas corpus petition?

<p>He had the right to legal representation regardless of his financial status. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant ruling was established in Loving v. Virginia?

<p>Different races can marry in every state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Supreme Court decide in Tinker v. Des Moines?

<p>Students retain their rights of speech and expression at school. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precedent did Kennedy v. Bremerton set regarding public school staff?

<p>The First Amendment protects the exercise of religion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome resulted from NCAA v. Alston?

<p>College athletes are allowed to earn money from NIL deals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was established by Korematsu v. U.S. regarding Japanese-Americans during World War II?

<p>The government could require relocation into camps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle was underscored in Texas v. Johnson regarding freedom of speech?

<p>Peaceful expressions of dissent are protected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TLO v. New Jersey state about searches in schools?

<p>Teachers and school officials cannot conduct unreasonable searches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Judicial Review

The power of a court to review laws and executive actions to determine if they are constitutional.

Precedent

A legal decision made in a similar case that guides future decisions.

Verdict

The official decision of a court in a case.

Criminal Case

A case involving a crime, where the penalty is imprisonment or fines.

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Civil Case

A case involving a disagreement or harm, not a crime, where the penalty is a settlement or compensation.

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Federal Jurisdiction

The authority of federal courts to hear cases involving federal laws.

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Supreme Court

The highest court in the United States, the only court mentioned in the Constitution.

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Chief Justice

The head of the Supreme Court.

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State Courts

Courts that have the authority to hear all cases not specifically designated for federal courts.

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How are Supreme Court Justices Selected?

Supreme Court Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate.

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The role of the Judicial Branch

The Judicial Branch interprets the constitutionality of federal laws and resolves disputes about federal laws.

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McCulloch v. Maryland

The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government has the power to create a national bank and states cannot tax it.

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Marbury v. Madison

Established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

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Brown v. Board of Education

Ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

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Gideon v. Wainwright

Guaranteed the right to legal representation for all defendants, even in criminal cases.

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Habeas Corpus

A legal action that forces the government to show why they are holding someone in custody.

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Freedom of Speech

The right to express opinions and ideas without fear of government censorship.

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Freedom of Assembly

The right to gather with others for peaceful purposes.

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Interracial Marriage

Marriage between people of different races.

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Public School Staff Religion

The right of public school employees to express their religious beliefs.

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Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL)

A college athlete's ability to profit from their name, likeness, and image.

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Japanese-American Internment

The forced relocation and confinement of Japanese-Americans during World War II.

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School Searches

The legal authority of schools to conduct searches on students and their belongings.

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Study Notes

Judicial Branch Review

  • Judicial Review: The ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act as unconstitutional.
  • Precedent: An earlier event or action used as a guide in similar circumstances.
  • Verdict: A decision in a civil or criminal case or inquest.
  • Evidence: Facts or information supporting a belief or proposition's validity.
  • Appeal: A serious or urgent request, typically to the public.
  • Jury Trial: Trials allowing juries to determine facts and render verdicts.
  • Federal Jurisdiction: Cases arising under federal law.
  • State Jurisdiction: Cases involving events in the court's location or where defendants reside.
  • Concurrent Jurisdiction: Cases that can be heard in either federal or state courts.
  • Appellate Jurisdiction: The ability to hear a case for a second consideration, typically for a defendant after a criminal case.
  • Supreme Court Jurisdiction: Cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, or disputes.

Criminal vs. Civil Cases

  • Criminal Case: Involves a crime, and criminal penalties are applied, including jail time or execution.
  • Civil Case: A violation of someone's rights causing harm, and results in fines or legal actions but not jail time.

Supreme Court

  • Supreme Court: The highest court in the country.
  • Justices (Supreme Court): There are nine justices.
  • Chief Justice: The head of the Supreme Court; currently, John Roberts, Jr.
  • Selection of Justices: Nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

State vs. Federal Courts

  • State Courts: Deal with general jurisdiction cases not exclusively federal. State courts interpret state laws.
  • Federal Courts: Deal with cases specifically assigned. These courts interpret federal laws.

Supreme Court Cases

  • McCulloch v. Maryland: The federal government has power to set up a bank and states cannot tax it.
  • Marbury v. Madison: Established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review ( deciding whether laws or acts are constitutional.)
  • Plessy v. Ferguson: Upheld "separate but equal" segregation (racial segregation).
  • Brown v. Board of Education: Declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

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