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Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)

• Sigmund Freud, the austrian founder of psychoanalysis, was born in Austria and spent most of his childhood and adult life in Vienna.
• Medical school was entered and trained as a neurologist, earning a medical degree in 1881.
• Soon after graduation, he set up a private practice and began treating patients with psychological disorders.
• Dr. Josef Breuer's experience with a patient, "Anna O.,” who experienced a range of physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause drew Sigmund's attention.
• Dr. Breuer found that her symptoms abated when he helped her recover memories of traumatic experiences that she had repressed from conscious awareness, sparking Freud's interest in the unconscious mind and some of his most influential ideas.

Freud's Theory

• A few different factors affect personality.
• All psychic energy is generated by libido.
• Mental states are influenced by two competing forces: cathexis and anticathexis.
• Cathexis is described as an investment of mental energy in a person, idea, or object.
• Anticathexis involves the ego blocking the socially unacceptable needs of the id.
• Repressing urges and desires is one common form of anticathexis, but this involves a significant investment of energy.
• Much of human behavior is motivated by two driving instincts: life instincts and death instincts.
• Life instincts (Eros) relate to a basic need for survival, reproduction, and pleasure, and includes such things as the need for food, shelter, love, and sex.
• Death instincts (Thanatos) are the result of an unconscious wish for death, which Freud believed all humans have.
• Self-destructive behavior was one expression of the death drive, and these death instincts were largely tempered by life instincts.

Psychoanalytic perspectives

• Four components
  • Interpretation
  • Transference analysis
  • Technical neutrality
  • Countertransference analysis

Interpretation

• Interpretation refers to the analyst's hypothesizing of their client's unconscious conflicts.
• These hypotheses are communicated verbally to the client.
• Three stages of interpretation:
  • Clarification: Where the analyst tries to clarify what is happening in the patient's conscious mind
  • Confrontation: Gently aims to bring nonverbal aspects of the client's behavior into their awareness
  • Interpretation: When the analyst proposes their hypothesis of the unconscious meaning that relates each aspect of the client's communication with the other

Transference Analysis

• Transference refers to the repetition of unconscious conflicts rooted in the client's relational past in the relationship with the analyst.
• Transference analysis involves tracking elements of the client's verbal and nonverbal communications that aim to influence the analyst's behavior toward the client.

Technical Neutrality

• Technical neutrality refers to the analyst's commitment to remain neutral and avoid taking sides in the client's internal conflicts.
• The analyst strives to remain neutral and nonjudgmental by maintaining a clinical distance from the client's external reality.
• Technical neutrality demands that analysts refrain from imposing their value systems on the client.

Countertransference Analysis

• Countertransference refers to the analyst's responses and reactions to the client and the material they present during sessions, most especially the client's transference.
• Countertransference analysis involves tracking elements of the analyst's own dispositional transference to the client that is co-determined by the client.
• Countertransference analysis enables the analyst to maintain clinical boundaries and avoid acting out in the relationship with the client.

Psychodynamic Vs Psychoanalysis

• Psychodynamic theory keeps key elements of the psychoanalytic theory of human development, psychological functioning, and therapeutic technique.
• Both theoretical approaches agree on:
  • The existence of unconscious drives/instincts and defense mechanisms
  • The impact of the unconscious on human personality and behavior
  • The importance of earliest experiences in shaping later relational patterns
  • The impact of internal factors on behavior, meaning behavior is never under a client's complete control
• A psychoanalyst will see their client (termed a patient, usually) every weekday over an indeterminate period of years.
• A psychodynamic therapist will see a client less frequently, perhaps once or twice a week for several months or a few years, depending on the client's needs. Psychodynamic therapy is more client centered in this respect.
• A psychodynamic therapist may include techniques that are not psychoanalytic to work with transference and countertransference.
• These may include communication skills, such as active listening, empathy, and expressive arts interventions.
• Psychodynamic therapists are not limited in their approach by the traditional pillars of psychoanalytic technique.

Model of mind

• Conscious-Housing of current thoughts, feelings, and perceptual focus
• Preconscious (sometimes called the subconscious)-The home of everything we can recall or retrieve from memory
• Unconscious-At the deepest level of our minds resides a repository of the processes that drive our behavior, including biologically determined instinctual desires.

Structure of mind

• Id-Operates at an unconscious level as the motor of our two main instinctual drives: Eros, or the survival instinct that drives us to engage in life-sustaining activities, and Thanatos, or the death instinct that drives destructive, aggressive, and violent behavior
• Ego-Acts as a filter for the id that works as both a conduit for and check on our unconscious drives, ensuring that needs are met in a socially appropriate way and begins to develop in infancy
• Superego-The term Freud gives to “conscience" where morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways

Stages of psychosexual development

• Freudian theory suggests that as children develop, they progress through a series of psychosexual stages. At each stage, the libido's pleasure-seeking energy is focused on a different part of the body. The five stages of psychosexual development:
• The oral stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the mouth.
• The anal stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the anus.
• The phallic stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the penis or clitoris.
• The latent stage: A period of calm in which little libidinal interest is present.
• The genital stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the genitals.

The Outcomes

• Successful resolution-The successful completion of each stage leads to a healthy personality as an adult. and can also lead to:
• Fixation-If a conflict remains unresolved at any particular stage, leading to remain fixated or stuck at that particular point of development.

Defense Mechanism

• In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is an unconscious psychological operation that functions to protects from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors.
• The three components of the mind are in constant is constant conflict because each has a different goal which mobilizes the ego with array of defense mechanisms to prevent psychological disintegration.

Some Examples of Defense Mechanism

• Mechanism Description Example
  • Repression
    • Repression is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious.
    • During the Oedipus complex aggressive thoughts about the same sex parents are repressed.
  • Denial
    • Denial involves blocking external events from awareness. If some situation is just too much to handle, the cannot refuse to experience it.
      • For example, smokers may refuse admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health
  • Projection
    • This involves attribution of own unacceptable thoughts, feeling and motives to another person. -You might hate someone, , your superego tells you that such hatred is unacceptable. Can 'solve' the problem believing that they hate you.
  • Displacement
    • Satisfying an impulse ( aggression) with substitute object
    • Someone who is frustrated by his or her boss at work may go home and kick the dog
  • Regression
    • movement back in psychological time when one faced with stress - A child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when they need spend some time in the hospital
  • Sublimation
    • Satisfying an impulse (aggression) with a substitute object, a socially acceptable way. sport: example putting our emotions into something constructive.

Dream Analysis

• Freud believed the content of dreams broken down into two different types:
• The manifest content -Includes all the actual content of the dream—the events, images, and thoughts contained within the dream what dreamer remembers
• The latent content
  • Is all the hidden and symbolic meanings within the dream or essentially a form of wish fulfilment to reduce anxiety.
• By taking unconscious thoughts, and desires transforming those threatening forms, reduce ego's anxiety.

Criticism

• Many of the hypotheses and cannot be tested empirically, making it impossible to falsify ,validate
• deterministic roles of biology and the unconscious
• theory was deeply rooted in ,and traces of sexism still remain theory practice today.
• Freud emphasized pathology and optimize psychological - The scientific method, through -Freud to study his patients

Impact of Freudian theory

• Psychotherapy -Believed that mental problems solved by those problems -View mental -psychological causes
• Science -The idea that the unconscious, has scientific -understanding human behavior
• Culture -Society has, helping with society -modern failures

Individual Psychology (Alfred Adler)

• Alfred Adler was an Austrian physician and psychiatrist who formed the school of thought as individual psychology is know for many thoughts.
• He is know for theories within the field of psychology,but is best known for:
  • Founding individual psychology
  • Concept inferiority complex -Being founding member and president Psychoanalytic Society (latter Vienna 1910)

Individual Phycology

• focused on the internal sexual which psychology, Adler was adamant fully internal a word indivisibility from individual he to school; is intended evoke Latin individuum.

Basic Postulates

• Theory of Individual Psychology posits self individuals primarily social self. -Experiences, particularly welfare behavior the of social -Uniqueness emphasis behavior

Adler's Theory of Personality

• Adler's personality that individuals that formed:
  • A community
  • Desire perfect
  • Pattern situations -Result
• inferior -Overcome inferiority
  • Basis
  • Family
  • Effects: Intercaction

Personality Typology

• Concept's Types. He, uniqueness
  • Recognized in called
• -Adler, the way

Birth Order

• Order family. predicted -advantages

Inferiority Complex

• Development -“ situation”
• Primary feeling “develop” Secondary-In “adult”

Superiority Complex

• Person that, an provide who “pugnacious
• It “an may”(p. 97).

Basic approach of therapy

• Positive, individual human theory.
• Gain themselves, problems.

Techniques of Therapy

• Show, helping, showing empathy.
• Strive. change.
• Reflect helping people
• At the same time

Stages of Therapy

Engagement

• alliance client communicate and work together. Assessments
• This can involve:
• Experiencing psychological assessment exploring and families -Therapist assessment normally

The Stages

• This -therapies

Benefits. and evaluation

Benefits: helpful helps individual

• The approach difficulties psychological problems

Effectiveness

• The -improve of There is or genetic

Critical evaluation

• As with receives emphasize make
• recent
  • to provide The with and based
• Adler's issues orders or

Freud and Adler comparison

• Biological with and superiority
• No choice responsibility
• Past goal
• Unconscious are
• Split -whole
• Sexuality family

Carl Jung (Analytical Psychology)

-Psychiatrist - influenced psychoanalysis studies

• Theory -and
  • achieve

Model of psyche

• number. 1 ego.
• responsible
• importance layers,

Personal & collective

• unconscious
• What moment senses, paying content,

Personal unconscious

-behaviors

Contain

• complex, awareness
• negative

relevance

• ideas

collective Unconscious

• a inherited, cultures.
• archetypes forms, religion.

Unconscious

-images archetypes

Persona

• Describes
• Public of
• Convenient. Contribute
• Acceptable.
• Traits Persona

Anima Animus

• "Anima masculine
• Sex living. Personality Feminine ideas
• The through

shadow

• reject Rooted the is to.

shadow

Must mirror, crucial balancing

The self

• Erikison has the best experience
• The human orientation.

Psychological types

• Of
• Extroverted

dichotomies

• Feelings vs and subjective considerations
• vs.
• Practical connections,
• Extrovert their energy from

and Introverts

-Outwards side Introspection,

• the support

application

• The MBIT personality Junge to decisions

Karen Horney (Neurotic Needs and Trends)

• Karen Degree 1911

###Concept of Neuroticism

• Experiences the term
• removed
• Horney Behavior
• Neuroticism

Types

-The from others -Indifferent

• Move to people.
• The which

• Categories people: Aggressive, Compliant
• neurotic.
  • Alienation

Coping With Interpersonal Styles

• All people people: neurotic styles.

10 Needs

And Approval.

Affection and approval