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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the gluteus medius muscle?
What is the primary function of the gluteus medius muscle?
Which statement accurately describes the quadriceps femoris muscle?
Which statement accurately describes the quadriceps femoris muscle?
What role does the gastrocnemius muscle play in movement?
What role does the gastrocnemius muscle play in movement?
Which function is associated with the pectoralis major muscle?
Which function is associated with the pectoralis major muscle?
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What is the effect of the contraction of the diaphragmaticus muscle?
What is the effect of the contraction of the diaphragmaticus muscle?
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What type of joints are categorized as non-synovial joints?
What type of joints are categorized as non-synovial joints?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with synovial joints?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with synovial joints?
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What is the role of the synovial membrane in synovial joints?
What is the role of the synovial membrane in synovial joints?
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Which movement is defined as bringing a limb closer to the midline?
Which movement is defined as bringing a limb closer to the midline?
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Which axis does flexion and extension occur around?
Which axis does flexion and extension occur around?
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What type of joint connects two bones using cartilage?
What type of joint connects two bones using cartilage?
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Which movement is characterized by the sole of the foot tipping laterally?
Which movement is characterized by the sole of the foot tipping laterally?
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What is the effect of lateral flexion in relation to the body's axis?
What is the effect of lateral flexion in relation to the body's axis?
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What is a primary function of skeletal muscles?
What is a primary function of skeletal muscles?
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Which type of contraction occurs without any change in muscle length?
Which type of contraction occurs without any change in muscle length?
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How are muscles generally named?
How are muscles generally named?
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What role does a tendon serve in the muscular system?
What role does a tendon serve in the muscular system?
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Which muscle is known as the vaccine muscle?
Which muscle is known as the vaccine muscle?
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What defines a motor unit?
What defines a motor unit?
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Which of the following muscles is recognized as the strongest flexor of the thigh?
Which of the following muscles is recognized as the strongest flexor of the thigh?
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In the context of the shoulder girdle, what is the primary function of the M.deltoideus muscle?
In the context of the shoulder girdle, what is the primary function of the M.deltoideus muscle?
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Study Notes
Joints and Muscles
- Joints connect bones, enabling movement
- Muscles cause movement by contracting, pulling on bones
Joint Classification
- Fibrous joints: Immobile or slightly mobile; bones joined directly (e.g., skull sutures)
- Cartilaginous joints: Slightly movable; bones connected by cartilage (e.g., ribs to sternum)
- Synovial joints: Freely movable; bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity (e.g., knee, shoulder) and have a capsule surrounding the joint
Synovial Joints
- Synovial joints have an articular capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane.
- The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint, reducing friction
- Cartilage covers the ends of bones within the joint to cushion and reduce friction
- Ligaments strengthen the joint and stabilize it.
- Joint cavities contain synovial fluid
Types of Synovial Joints
- Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shoulder)
- Hinge joints (e.g., elbow, knee)
- Pivot joints (e.g., atlas joint)
- Condylar joints (e.g., wrist)
- Saddle joints (e.g., thumb)
- Plane joints (e.g., intercarpal)
Anatomical Axes
- Sagittal axis: Runs from front to back.
- Vertical axis: Runs from top to bottom.
- Frontal axis: Runs from side to side.
Movement Types
- Flexion: Decreasing angle between body parts
- Extension: Increasing angle between body parts
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline.
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline.
- Rotation: Movement around an axis.
- Lateral flexion: Side-bending of the torso.
- Supination: The forearm rotates so the palm is facing upward.
- Pronation: The forearm rotates so the palm is facing downward.
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot upward.
- Plantar flexion: Bending the foot downward.
Muscles
- Myology: The study of muscles
- Skeletal muscles: Attached to bones, voluntary movement
- Smooth muscles: Found in internal organs, involuntary movement
- Cardiac muscles: Found in the heart, involuntary movement
- Muscles are classified by shape, location, and function.
- Muscles are composed of muscle fibers
- Attachments of muscles to bones are via tendons/aponeurosis
Muscle Contraction
- Muscle actions lead to movement.
- Skeletal muscle movements occur when the muscle contracts
- Types of contractions:
- Isometric: no change in muscle length.
- Isotonic: change in muscle length.
- Attachments of muscles to bones define the action of the muscle.
- Muscle actions are described in terms of origin, insertion and action.
Motor Units
- A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
- All motor units do not need to contract at the same time for a smooth muscle movement.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification and function of joints and muscles. This quiz covers different types of joints, including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints, as well as their roles in enabling movement. Explore the anatomy and mechanics involved in joint function.
