Nursing 4th Note (1) PDF

Joints and Muscles A. Taha Demirbas, Asst Prof Joints and Their Classification - Fibrous - Cartilaginous - Synovial *According to their movement ability, fibrous and cartilaginous joints are also known as non- synovial joints  Fibrous joints There is no place for movement between the ends of the...

Joints and Muscles A. Taha Demirbas, Asst Prof Joints and Their Classification - Fibrous - Cartilaginous - Synovial *According to their movement ability, fibrous and cartilaginous joints are also known as non- synovial joints  Fibrous joints There is no place for movement between the ends of the bones  Cartilaginous joints In these joints, two bones are linked by cartilage  Synovial joints - They are fully mobile joints - A capsule surrounding the joint (articular capsule) - There is a synovial membrane that covers the inner surface of the capsule and secretes joint fluid - Articular cartilage - Articular capsule - Articular cavity - Ligaments  Synovial joints are dividen into subgroups according to their shapes Anatomical Axes Sagittal Axis Considering a body in an anatomical situation, it is the axis extending from front to back. (abduction-adduction) Vertical Axis Vertical direction extending from top to bottom. (internal and external rotation) Frontal Axis It is the horizontal axis that extends from the right or left side of the body to the other side, parallel to the ground. (flexion- extension) 19 Angular movements *Flexion: Bending. Any limb in the sagittal plane and it is a bending process in the frontal axis *Extension: Stretching. It is the stretching of the bent limb again *frontal axis 20 21 *Abduction: Taking away. It is the removal of any limb from the midline in the sagittal axis *Adduction: Bringing closer. It is bringing the removed limb closer to the midline again. *sagittal axis 22  Rotational movement around a The movement of the body or neck longitidunal axis is called bending to the side is called lateral flexion. rotation. *vertical axis 23 Supination - external rotation of the forearm, drinking position, palm facing forward. Pronation - turning the forearm inward, palm facing backwards. 24 Inversion is a foot movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other, and eversion is a movement that tips them laterally, away from each other. 25 General terms Muscles are releated to movement Myology: The study of muscles Musculus: Muscle (m.) Myocytus: Muscle fiber (cell) - Skeletal muscle - Cardiac muscle - Smooth muscle  The function of the skeletal muscles - Movement producing - Generation of heat - Stabilization - Lead to good posture Skin Superficial fascia Deep fascia MUSCLES Bones and visceral organs The terminology about muscles Tendon: Where the muscle attaches to the bone Aponeurosis: It is a flatter and wider attachment to the periosteum than the tendon Contraction: Refers to the contraction of the muscle Isometric contraction: Contraction that occurs without any change in the length of the muscle Isotonic contraction: Contraction as a change in the length of the muscle Motor Unit A motor neuron and all muscle cells innervated by this neuron are called motor units It is not necessary for all motor units to work during muscle contraction  Naming the muscles Muscles are generally named according to their shape, location, number of vents (heads), function and size M. rhomboideus major M. palmaris longus M. biceps brachii M. tibialis posterior M. flexor carpi ulnaris M. teres major-teres minor M. temporalis M. gluteus maximus-minimus Kasların şekilleri Mechanical contraction mechanism of skeletal muscle Origin: The starting point of the muscle Insertio: The ending point of the muscle Function: Which joint of the muscledetermined by where it passes Innervation: Indicates which nerve stimulates the muscle Shoulder girdle M. deltoideus It is the muscle that makes the shoulder round Known as vaccine muscle Brachial region M. biceps brachii It is known as the biceps muscle It causes flexion and supination movements of the forearm M. triceps brachii It is the only muscle on the back surface of the arm This three-headed muscle extends the arm and forearm  Hip region M. iliopsoas M. iliacus and m. psoas major It is the strongest flexor of the thigh M. gluteus maximus M. gluteus medius It is located deep in It is the most superficial m.gluteus max muscle that creates the hip It causes hip abduction swell This is the muscle where the intramuscular injection It is the strongest extensor is made of the thigh.  Femoral region M.quadricepsfemoris Hamstring muscle group It forms the bulge on the front of Located on the back of the thigh the thigh There are 3 muscles called It is a four-part muscle hamstring group muscles It provides extension to the knee These muscles cause the hip joint joint and flexion to the hip joint to extend and the leg to flex Crural region M. tibialis anterior M. triceps surae It provides dorsi flexion M. gastrocnemius It causes plantar flexion of the to the ankle M. soleus foot Also m. gastrocnemius flexes the leg and enables it to rise on tiptoe Thoracal region M. serratus anterior M.pectoralis major It pulls the scapula forward and rotates it upward It adducts the arm It has a role in the abduction of the arm above 90 degrees Known as boxer muscle  M. diaphragmaticus When it contracts, the central tendon (centrum tendineum) descends and the dome flattens Thus, thorax volume and vertical length increase (inspiration) Dorsal region M. trapezius It is the main muscle that prevents the shoulder from collapsing while carrying a load on the shoulder M. latissimus dorsi Climbing muscle – pull-up muscle It pulls the shoulder down and back, causing the arm to adduct and internally rotate It is the main muscle that pulls the body up Abdominal region -It helps micturition, defecation, vomiting, birth and forced expiration by putting pressure on the abdominal organs -If it contracts bilaterally, it bends the body forward, -If it contracts unilaterally, it tilts the body to the side and rotates the opposite side's shoulder forward  Facial muscles They originate from the bone or fascia and insert to the facial skin These muscles are collectively called mimic muscles because they lead to facial expressions by moving the facial skin Mimic muscles are innervated by n. facialis (CN VII)