Podcast
Questions and Answers
The scientific study of joints is called __________.
The scientific study of joints is called __________.
arthrology
What type of connective tissue connects the bones of a fibrous joint?
What type of connective tissue connects the bones of a fibrous joint?
Sutures in adults are classified as diarthroses.
Sutures in adults are classified as diarthroses.
False
What is the primary characteristic of cartilaginous joints?
What is the primary characteristic of cartilaginous joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following joints is an example of gomphosis?
Which of the following joints is an example of gomphosis?
Signup and view all the answers
A __________ is a thicker and longer strip of dense irregular CT joining bones in a syndesmosis.
A __________ is a thicker and longer strip of dense irregular CT joining bones in a syndesmosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of joint to its description:
Match the type of joint to its description:
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cartilage connects bones in synchondroses?
What type of cartilage connects bones in synchondroses?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cartilage is found in symphyses?
What type of cartilage is found in symphyses?
Signup and view all the answers
Synovial joints are immovable.
Synovial joints are immovable.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of synovial fluid?
What is the primary function of synovial fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
The articular capsule of synovial joints is made up of a ________ layer and a synovial membrane.
The articular capsule of synovial joints is made up of a ________ layer and a synovial membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following joints is classified as a pivot joint?
Which of the following joints is classified as a pivot joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Increased flexibility in joints is a characteristic of 'double-jointed' individuals.
Increased flexibility in joints is a characteristic of 'double-jointed' individuals.
Signup and view all the answers
What is bursitis?
What is bursitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Bursae are found between ________ and soft tissue like tendons or ligaments.
Bursae are found between ________ and soft tissue like tendons or ligaments.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of synovial joint with its movement:
Match the type of synovial joint with its movement:
Signup and view all the answers
Which movement decreases the angle between two joined bones?
Which movement decreases the angle between two joined bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Angular movements only include flexion and extension.
Angular movements only include flexion and extension.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline?
What is the term for movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline?
Signup and view all the answers
The act of turning the palm to face the sky is called ________.
The act of turning the palm to face the sky is called ________.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of synovial joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
What type of synovial joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Signup and view all the answers
Tendon sheaths are specialized bursae that reduce friction between tendons.
Tendon sheaths are specialized bursae that reduce friction between tendons.
Signup and view all the answers
Which joint type allows for the greatest mobility?
Which joint type allows for the greatest mobility?
Signup and view all the answers
The glenohumeral joint is known for being very stable and having a limited range of motion.
The glenohumeral joint is known for being very stable and having a limited range of motion.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
Signup and view all the answers
The elbow joint is primarily classified as a ________ joint.
The elbow joint is primarily classified as a ________ joint.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following joints with their descriptions:
Match the following joints with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following movements is NOT permitted by the shoulder joint?
Which of the following movements is NOT permitted by the shoulder joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Osteoarthritis is characterized by an increase in articular cartilage.
Osteoarthritis is characterized by an increase in articular cartilage.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main components that stabilize the temporomandibular joint?
What are the main components that stabilize the temporomandibular joint?
Signup and view all the answers
The knee joint features a ________ of ligaments reinforcing the connections between femur and tibia.
The knee joint features a ________ of ligaments reinforcing the connections between femur and tibia.
Signup and view all the answers
How many joints share the synovial cavity in the knee?
How many joints share the synovial cavity in the knee?
Signup and view all the answers
A strain refers to a stretching or tearing of ligaments.
A strain refers to a stretching or tearing of ligaments.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the fibrocartilage lip or rim that increases the surface area of the glenoid cavity?
What is the term for the fibrocartilage lip or rim that increases the surface area of the glenoid cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
The hip joint's strong stability is primarily due to the ________ and ________ of ligaments.
The hip joint's strong stability is primarily due to the ________ and ________ of ligaments.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of joint movements with their descriptions:
Match the following types of joint movements with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Joints and Articulations
- Also known as arthroses
- Sites where bones contact
- Arthrology is the study of joints
- Classified by structure:
- Presence of an articular cavity
- Type of connective tissue present
- Dense irregular connective tissue is important for the structure of joints
Fibrous Joints
- Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue
- No articular cavity, generally immobile
- Types:
- Sutures: Connect cranial bones with thin strips of dense irregular connective tissue
- Become synarthroses (immobile) in adulthood
- Syndesmoses: Longer, thicker strips of dense irregular connective tissue (interosseous ligaments/membranes)
- Gomphosis: A specific type of syndesmosis where a cone-shaped joint connects a tooth to the mandible or maxilla
- Interosseous membranes: Made of dense irregular connective tissue
- Hold diaphyses of adjacent long bones together (e.g., distal limbs)
- Sutures: Connect cranial bones with thin strips of dense irregular connective tissue
Cartilaginous Joints
- Bones joined by cartilage, no articular cavity
- Little or no movement
- Two subtypes
- Synchondroses: Bones connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage
- Epiphyseal cartilages (hyaline) allow bone growth
- Symphyses: Connected by fibrocartilage
- Bones still covered in hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces
- Synchondroses: Bones connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Synovial Joints
- Presence of an articular cavity
- Bounded by articular capsule
- Secretes lubricating fluid
- Bounded by articular capsule
- Bones covered in hyaline cartilage:
- Does not bind bones
- Freely movable
- Articular Capsule surrounds synovial joints
- Fibrous layer: Outer layer, dense irregular connective tissue
- Attaches to the periosteum
- Forms ligaments for some joints
- Synovial membrane: Inner layer, areolar connective tissue
- Secretes synovial fluid: Viscous, clear/pale yellow
- Nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage
- Delivers oxygen and nutrients
- Contains immune cells
- Reduces friction between bones
- Absorbs shock
- Secretes synovial fluid: Viscous, clear/pale yellow
- Fibrous layer: Outer layer, dense irregular connective tissue
- "Double-jointed" individuals have increased flexibility around the articular capsule and ligaments
- Increased risk of dislocation
- Joints are not doubled
- Other components of synovial joints:
- Accessory ligaments: Provide reinforcement
- E.g., Collateral and cruciate ligaments of the knee
- Articular discs/menisci: Fibrocartilage padding within the fibrous capsule, absorb shock, distribute weight
- Accessory ligaments: Provide reinforcement
- Bursae reduce friction between moving structures
- Structure similar to articular capsules
- Outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane
- Found between bones and soft tissues (e.g., tendons, ligaments)
- Bursitis: Chronic inflammation of bursae
- Structure similar to articular capsules
- Tendon sheaths also reduce friction
- Tube-shaped bursae that wrap around tendons experiencing high friction
- E.g., The wrist
- Tube-shaped bursae that wrap around tendons experiencing high friction
Movements
- Synovial joints are the only freely-movable joints
- Four main categories of movement:
- Gliding: Nearly flat bones slide back and forth with no change in angle between articulating bones
- E.g., Intercarpal joints
- Angular movements: Increase or decrease angle between articulating bones
- Flexion: Decrease in angle between joined bones
- Extension: Increase in angle between joined bones
- Lateral Flexion: Decrease in angle between bones in the coronal plane
- Abduction: Movement of a bone away from the midline
- Adduction: Movement of a bone towards the midline
- Circumduction: Movement around a joint to move the distal part of a limb in a circleqe
- Combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
- Hyperextension: Extension past the physiological limit
- Rotation: Turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis (medial or lateral in limbs)
- Special movements: Unique movements only for specific joints
- Mandible: Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
- Hands/Feet:
- Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot toward the shin (flexing the foot)
- Plantar flexion: Bending the foot towards the sole (pointing toes)
- Inversion: Turning the sole to face the midline
- Eversion: Turning the sole to face away from the midline
- Supination: Turning the palm to face the sky (hold the soup)
- Pronation: Turning the palm to face the floor
- Opposition: Movement of the pollex (thumb) at the carpometacarpal joints to touch the other fingers
- Unique to primates
- Gliding: Nearly flat bones slide back and forth with no change in angle between articulating bones
Types of Synovial Joints
- There are six types:
- Plane Joints: Permit gliding movements (biaxial)
- E.g., Intercarpal/intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, vertebrocostal joints
- Hinge Joints: Uniaxial movement (flexion/extension)
- E.g., Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
- Pivot Joints: Rounded surface of bone fitted to a ring formed by a ligament and another bone
- Uniaxial movement
- E.g., Atlanto-axial joint (head shaking "no"), radioulnar joints (supination/pronation)
- Condyloid Joints (Ellipsoidal): Oval shaped protrusion fits into an oval-shaped depression
- Biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction)
- E.g., Radiocarpal joints (wrist)
- Saddle Joints: One bone looks like a saddle and the other looks like a rider
- Biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction)
- E.g., Carpometacarpal joint between the proximal metacarpal of the thumb and trapezium
- Ball-and-Socket Joints; Ball-shaped projection fits into a cup-shaped depression
- Triaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, rotation)
- E.g., Shoulder and hip joints
- Plane Joints: Permit gliding movements (biaxial)
Practice Question:
Which of the following joints permits the greatest mobility?
- A. Ball-and-socket joints
Special Examples of Joints
- Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ): Only freely-movable joint in the skull
- Combination hinge and plane joint
- Articular components:
- Articular capsule
- Multiple ligaments stabilize the joint
- Meniscus subdivides the synovial cavity
- Superior: Permits slight rotation, lateral displacement, protraction/retraction
- Inferior: Permits depression/elevation
- Movements:
- Depression/elevation
- Protraction/retraction
- Lateral displacement (side to side)
- Rotation
- Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder): Ball-and-socket joint, thin, loose articular capsule
- Articular components:
- Ligaments reinforce the joints
- Glenoid Labrum: Fibrocartilage lip or rim of the glenoid cavity
- Increases surface area of the glenoid cavity, increasing contact with the humeral head
- Bursae: Absorb shock, reduce friction between articular structures
- Movements:
- Flexion, extension, hyperextension
- Abduction, adduction
- Medial and lateral rotation
- Circumduction
- Great ROM but less stable than the coxal joint
- Articular components:
- Elbow Joint: Formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius
- Articular components:
- Articular capsule
- Collateral ligaments: Connect humerus to radius or ulna
- Annular ligament: Holds radial head to the radial notch of the ulna
- Olecranon bursa
- Movements:
- Flexion/extension (hinge joint)
- Articular components:
- Coxal or Hip Joint: Ball-and-socket joint, acetabulum of the coxal bone + head of the femur
- Very stable joint due to the number and arrangement of ligaments
- Articular components:
- Thick articular capsule
- Acetabular Labrum: Fibrocartilage lip of the acetabulum, prevents displacement of the femoral head
- Accessory ligaments: Numerous and strong, reinforce the articular capsule, limit ROM compared to the shoulder
- Movements:
- Flexion/extension
- Abduction/adduction
- Lateral/medial rotation
- Circumduction
- Knee Joint: Modified hinge joint, three joints sharing one synovial cavity:
- Lateral joint between femur and tibia
- Medial joint between femur and tibia
- Anterior patellofemoral joint (plane joint)
- Articular components:
- No single identifiable articular capsule, muscle tendons serve a similar function
- Cruciate ligaments: Cross each other
- Collateral ligaments: Reinforce connections between femur/tibia, femur/fibula
- Menisci: Medial and lateral, absorb shock
- Bursae: Infrapatellar bursa between tibia and patellar ligaments
- Movements:
- Flexion/extension
- Slight rotation
Joint Diseases and Disorders
- Arthritis:
- Osteoarthritis: Progressive loss of articular cartilage
- Results in increased friction between articulating bones
- May require surgery
- Osteoarthritis: Progressive loss of articular cartilage
- Sprains/Strains:
- Sprains: Forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments
- No bone dislocation
- May require surgery
- Strains: Partially torn or stretched muscles or tendons
- Treatment = PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression Elevation)
- Sprains: Forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments
Summary
- Joints are the sites of contact between bones
- Classified by structure or function
- Synovial joints are the only freely-movable joints
- Movements around joints are determined by synovial joint structure
- Joint diseases and disorders can affect joint mobility
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on joints and articulations, also known as arthroses. This quiz covers the various classifications of joints, including fibrous and cartilaginous joints, and highlights the role of connective tissues. Challenge yourself and learn about the fascinating structure and function of joints in the human body.
