Introduction to Joints
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Questions and Answers

What defines an arthrosis?

  • A site of contact between bones (correct)
  • A type of connective tissue
  • A contact point between muscles
  • A type of joint movement

    • Fibrous joints have an articular cavity.

    False

    What type of connective tissue connects bones in fibrous joints?

    Dense irregular connective tissue

    A _______ is defined as the early fusion of two bones in the skull.

    <p>syntosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibrous joint allows for little to no movement?

    <p>Suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of joints with their characteristics:

    <p>Suture = Connects cranial bones with dense irregular CT Syndesmosis = Joined by a thicker interosseous ligament Gomphosis = Cone-shaped joint between teeth and jaw Synchondrosis = Connects bones with hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilaginous joints are characterized by an articular cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of cartilage is used in synchondroses?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage covers the bones in a synovial joint?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial joints are fixed and cannot move.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial fluid?

    <p>Lubrication and nourishment of articular cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ capsule surrounds synovial joints.

    <p>articular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint movement decreases the angle between bones?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Articular discs or menisci are made of hyaline cartilage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperextension refer to?

    <p>Extending a joint beyond its physiological limit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursae reduce friction between ____ and soft tissue.

    <p>bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of synovial joints with their characteristics:

    <p>Plane joints = Permit gliding movements Hinge joints = Movement is uniaxial Pivot joints = Rounded surface fits into a ring Saddle joints = Permit biaxial movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories of movement is NOT part of angular movements?

    <p>Gliding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendon sheaths are cylindrical, tube-shaped bursae.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of accessory ligaments in synovial joints?

    <p>To provide extra reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abduction is the movement of a bone _______ from a midline.

    <p>away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for the widest range of motion?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the only freely moveable joint in the skull.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint?

    <p>To increase the surface area of the glenoid cavity in contact with the humeral head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The knee joint is classified as a modified hinge joint.

    <p>modified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following joints with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Shoulder joint = Ball-and-socket joint Elbow joint = Hinge joint Knee joint = Modified hinge joint Hip joint = Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is NOT permitted around the TMJ?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coxal joint is more stable than the shoulder joint.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two movements permitted around the hip joint.

    <p>Flexion/extension, Abduction/adduction or Lateral/medial rotation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is the progressive loss of articular cartilage that may lead to arthritis.

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the elbow joint?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprains involve tearing or stretching of muscles or tendons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a sprain?

    <p>A sprain is a forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bursa sits between the tibia and patellar ligament in the knee joint.

    <p>infrapatellar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the knee joint with their functions:

    <p>Collateral ligaments = Reinforce connection between femur and tibia Cruciate ligaments = Cross each other and stabilize joint Menisci = Provide cushioning between femur and tibia Bursae = Reduce friction in the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint permits the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elbow joint is classified as a ball-and-socket joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two movements permitted around the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

    <p>Depression and elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint, which is very stable due to the number and arrangement of _________.

    <p>ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following joints with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Shoulder joint = Ball-and-socket joint that allows great range of motion Elbow joint = Hinge joint permitting flexion and extension Knee joint = Modified hinge joint allowing some rotation Hip joint = Very stable ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific study of joints called?

    <p>Arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous joints generally allow for movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is a gomphosis?

    <p>A cone-shaped joint between teeth and the mandible or maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ joints are characterized by bones joined by cartilage, with no articular cavity.

    <p>Cartilaginous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fibrous joints with their descriptions:

    <p>Sutures = Connect cranial bones with dense irregular CT Syndesmoses = Interosseous ligaments connecting bones Gomphosis = Cone-shaped joint between teeth and jaw Interosseous membranes = Connect diaphyses of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue connects bones of fibrous joints?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synchondroses are characterized by the connection of bones through hyaline cartilage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of synovial fluid?

    <p>Nourishes chondrocytes and reduces friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursae are primarily found between two bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage covers the bones in a synovial joint?

    <p>hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ joints permit gliding movements between nearly flat bones.

    <p>Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of synovial joints with their functions:

    <p>Hinge joints = Flexion and extension Ball-and-socket joints = Multiaxial movement Pivot joints = Rotation around a longitudinal axis Condyloid joints = Biaxial movement including flexion/extension and abduction/adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement decreases the angle between two articulating bones?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial joints are characterized by having an articular cavity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperextension refer to?

    <p>Extension beyond the physiological limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ layer of the articular capsule is made of dense irregular connective tissue.

    <p>fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'double-jointed' refer to?

    <p>Increased range of motion at joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Joints

    • Joints are also known as articulations or arthroses.
    • Joints are the meeting points of bones.
    • Arthrology is the study of joints.

    Classification of Joints

    • Joints are classified structurally based on the presence of an articular cavity and the type of connective tissue connecting the bones.

    Fibrous Joints

    • Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue.
    • Lack an articular cavity.
    • Generally immobile.
    • Types of fibrous joints include sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.

    Sutures

    • Connect cranial bones with a thin band of dense irregular connective tissue.
    • Become synarthroses (immovable) in adulthood.
    • Synstosis is the early fusion of two bones in the skull.

    Syndesmoses

    • Have a thicker and longer strip of dense irregular connective tissue called an interosseous ligament or membrane.
    • Gomphosis is a cone-shaped joint between teeth and the mandible or maxilla.

    Interosseous Membranes

    • Made of dense irregular connective tissue.
    • Holds diaphyses of adjacent long bones together (e.g., distal limbs).

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Bones are joined by cartilage.
    • Lack an articular cavity.
    • Exhibit little or no movement.
    • Types of cartilaginous joints include synchondroses and symphyses.

    Synchondroses

    • Connect bones with hyaline or fibrocartilage cartilage.
    • Epiphyseal cartilages are hyaline cartilage that permit bone growth.

    Symphyses

    • Held together by fibrocartilage.
    • Bones are covered in hyaline cartilage at the articular surfaces.

    Synovial Joints

    • Distinguished by the presence of an articular cavity between bones.
    • Bounded by an articular capsule.
    • Bones are covered in articular cartilages (hyaline cartilage) which do not bind bones.
    • Freely moveable.

    Articular Capsule

    • Surrounds synovial joints.
    • Contains two layers: the fibrous layer (outer) and the synovial membrane (inner).
    • Fibrous layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue, attaches to periosteum, and forms ligaments at some joints.
    • Synovial membrane is made of areolar connective tissue and secretes synovial fluid.

    Synovial Fluid

    • Viscous, clear, or pale yellow.
    • Functions include nourishing chondrocytes of articular cartilage, providing oxygen and nutrients, containing immune cells, reducing friction between bones at joints, and absorbing shock.

    "Double-Jointed" Individuals

    • Have increased flexibility around the articular capsule and ligaments of joints.
    • Increased risk of dislocation (disruption of articulations).
    • Joints are not actually doubled.

    Other Components of Synovial Joints

    • Accessory ligaments provide extra reinforcement for synovial joints (e.g., collateral and cruciate ligaments of the knee).
    • Articular discs or menisci are fibrocartilage padding attached to the inside surface of the fibrous capsule, absorbing shock and distributing weight evenly.

    Bursae

    • Reduce friction between moving structures.
    • Share a similar structure with articular capsules.
    • Outer fibrous capsule with a synovial membrane.
    • Found between bones and soft tissues (tendons, ligaments, etc.).
    • Bursitis is chronic inflammation of bursae.

    Tendon Sheaths

    • Tube-shaped bursae.
    • Wrap around tendons experiencing high friction.
    • Found at the wrist.

    Movements

    • Synovial joints are the only freely moveable joints.
    • Main categories of movement include gliding, angular movements, rotation, and special movements.

    Gliding

    • Nearly flat bones slide back and forth and side to side.
    • Does not change the angle between articulating bones.
    • Examples include intercarpal joints.

    Angular Movements

    • Increase or decrease angles between articulating bones.
    • Movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
    • Hyperextension is extending beyond the physiological limit.

    Rotation

    • Turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis.
    • Can be medial or lateral in the limbs.

    Special Movements

    • Movements unique to specific joints.
    • Movements of the mandible include elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction.
    • Movements of the hands and feet include dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation, and opposition.

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • Six types of synovial joints exist: plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.

    Plane Joints

    • Permit gliding.
    • Movements are biaxial.
    • Examples include intercarpal or intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, and vertebrocostal joints.

    Hinge Joints

    • Movement is uniaxial (flexion/extension).
    • One bone is fixed, and the other moves.
    • Examples include knee joints, elbow joints, ankle joints, and interphalangeal joints.

    Pivot Joints

    • Rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone.
    • Permits uniaxial movement.
    • Examples include the atlantoaxial joint and radioulnar joints.

    Condyloid Joints

    • Also known as ellipsoidal joints.
    • Oval-shaped protrusion fits into an oval-shaped depression.
    • Permits biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction).
    • Examples include radiocarpal joints (wrist).

    Saddle Joints

    • One bone looks like a saddle, and the other looks like a rider.
    • Permit biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction).
    • Example includes the carpometacarpal joint between the proximal metacarpal of the thumb and trapezium.

    Ball-and-Socket Joints

    • Ball- shaped projection fits into a cup-shaped depression.
    • Permits triaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and rotation).
    • Examples include shoulder and hip joints.

    Special Examples of Joints

    Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

    • Only freely moveable joint in the skull.
    • Combination of hinge and plane joints.
    • Articulation between the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
    • Articular components include the articular capsule, multiple ligaments, and a meniscus that subdivides the synovial cavity into superior and inferior compartments.
    • Movements permitted include depression/elevation, protraction and retraction, lateral displacement, and some rotation.

    Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)

    • Ball-and-socket joint.
    • Thin, loose articular capsule allows for a great range of motion.
    • Articular components include numerous ligaments, the glenoid labrum, and four bursae.
    • Movements permitted include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction.

    Elbow Joint

    • Formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius.
    • Articular components include the articular capsule, collateral ligaments, annular ligament, and a bursa at the olecranon.
    • Movement is primarily flexion or extension (a hinge joint).

    Coxal or Hip Joint

    • Ball-and-socket joint formed by the acetabulum of the coxal bone and the head of the femur.
    • Very stable joint due to the number and arrangement of ligaments and the specific fit of the femoral head in the acetabulum.
    • Articular components include a thick articular capsule, the acetabular labrum, and numerous strong accessory ligaments.
    • Movements permitted include flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, lateral and medial rotation, and circumduction.

    Knee Joint

    • Modified hinge joint composed of three joints sharing one synovial cavity: lateral joint between femur and tibia, medial joint between femur and tibia, and anterior patellofemoral joint.
    • No single identifiable articular capsule; a collection of muscle tendons serves a similar function.
    • Articular components include cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, menisci, and bursae (including the infrapatellar bursa).
    • Movements permitted include flexion/extension and some rotation.

    Joint Diseases and Disorders

    Arthritis

    • Osteoarthritis is the progressive loss of articular cartilage, resulting in increased friction between articulating bones.

    Sprains and Strains

    • Sprains are forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments (no bone dislocation).
    • Strains are partially torn or stretched muscles or tendons.

    Summary

    • Joints are the sites of contact between bones.
    • They can be classified by structure or function.
    • Synovial joints are the only freely moveable joints.
    • Movements permitted at joints are a consequence of synovial joint structure.
    • Joint diseases or disorders may be treated with PRICE or surgery.

    Introduction to Joints

    • Joints are known as articulations or arthroses
    • They are sites where bones contact each other
    • The study of joints is called arthrology

    Classification of Joints

    • Joints are classified by their structure:
      • Is there an articular cavity between the articulating bones?
      • What type of connective tissue connects the bones of the joint?
    • Joints are classified into three classes:
      • Fibrous joints
      • Cartilaginous joints
      • Synovial joints

    Fibrous Joints

    • Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue
      • There is no articular cavity present
      • Little to no movement
    • Types of fibrous joints:
      • Sutures: connect cranial bones with a thin strip of dense irregular connective tissue
        • These become synarthroses (immobile joints) by adulthood
        • Synarthroses occur when two bones of the skull fuse
      • Syndesmoses: a thicker and longer strip of dense irregular connective tissue called an interosseous ligament/membrane that connects bones
        • Gomphosis is a specialized type where a cone-shaped joint connects teeth to the mandible or maxilla
      • Interosseous membranes: sheets of dense irregular connective tissue found between the diaphyses of long bones (e.g., in the limbs)
        • They hold the diaphyses of adjacent long bones together

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Bones are joined by cartilage
      • There is no articular cavity
      • Little to no movement
    • Types of cartilaginous joints:
      • Synchondroses: bones are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage
        • Epiphyseal cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and allows for bone growth
      • Symphyses: bones are held together by fibrocartilage
        • Bones are still covered in hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces

    Synovial Joints

    • Distinguished by the presence of an articular cavity between the bones
      • The articular cavity is bounded by the articular capsule
      • Synovial fluid lubricates the articular cavity
    • Bones are covered in articular cartilage
      • This is hyaline cartilage, NOT the type that binds bones together
      • Freely moveable joints
    • Articular capsule:
      • Bounds the articular cavity
      • Composed of two layers:
        • Fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue, attaches to periosteum, forms ligaments at some joints
        • Synovial membrane: areolar connective tissue, secretes synovial fluid
    • Functions of synovial fluid:
      • Nourishes chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
      • Contains oxygen and nutrients
      • Contains immune cells
      • Reduces friction between bones at joints
      • Absorbs shock
    • The term "double-jointed" refers to people with increased flexibility around the articular capsule and ligaments of their joints
      • This actually puts them at a higher risk for dislocations (a disruption of joint articulation)
    • Other components of synovial joints:
      • Accessory ligaments: provide extra reinforcement for synovial joints
        • Examples include the collateral and cruciate ligaments of the knee
      • Articular discs or menisci: fibrocartilage padding attached to the inside surface of the fibrous capsule, absorb shock and distribute weight evenly
      • Bursae: reduce friction between moving structures
        • They are similar in structure to articular capsules (outer fibrous capsule and a synovial membrane)
        • Found between bones and soft tissues - tendons, ligaments, etc.
        • Bursitis is chronic inflammation of bursae
      • Tendon sheaths: tube-shaped bursae that wrap around tendons that experience a lot of friction (e.g., the wrist)

    Movements

    • Synovial joints are the only freely moveable joints
    • Four main categories of movement:
      • Gliding: nearly flat bones slide back-and-forth and side-to-side, no change in angle between articulating bones (e.g., intercarpal joints)
      • Angular movements
        • Flexion: decrease in angle between joined bones
        • Extension: increase in angle between joined bones
        • Lateral flexion: decrease in angle between bones in the coronal plane
        • Abduction: movement of a bone away from the midline
        • Adduction: movement of a bone toward the midline
        • Circumduction: movement around a joint to move the distal part of a limb in a circle
          • Combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
        • Hyperextension: extension beyond the physiological limit
      • Rotation: turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis (may be medial or lateral in the limbs)
      • Special movements: movements unique to specific joints
        • The mandible can be elevated, depressed, protracted (moved forward), or retracted (moved backward)
        • The hands and feet can perform dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation, and opposition
          • Opposition is the movement of the pollex (thumb) at the carpometacarpal joints to touch the other fingers and is unique to primates

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • Six types of synovial joints:
      • Plane joints: permit gliding, movements are biaxial (e.g., intercarpal or -tarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, vertebrocostal joints)
      • Hinge joints: permit uniaxial movement (flexion/extension), usually one bone is fixed and the other moves (e.g., knee joints, elbow joints, ankle joints, interphalangeal joints)
      • Pivot joints: rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring made by a ligament and other bone, permits uniaxial movement (e.g., atlanto-axial joint, radioulnar joints)
      • Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal): oval-shaped protrusion fits into an oval-shaped depression, permits biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction) (e.g., radiocarpal joints)
      • Saddle joints: one bone looks like a saddle and the other looks like a rider, permits biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction) (e.g., carpometacarpal joint between the proximal metacarpal of the thumb and trapezium)
      • Ball-and-socket joints: ball-shaped projection fits into a cup-shaped depression, permits triaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, rotation) (e.g., shoulder and hip joints)

    Special Examples of Joints

    • The temporomandibular joint (TMJ): only freely moveable joint in the skull, a combination of hinge and plane joints
      • Articulation between the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
      • Articular components: articular capsule, multiple ligaments, meniscus subdivides synovial cavity
        • Superior: permits slight rotation, lateral displacement, protraction/retraction
        • Inferior: permits depression/elevation
      • Movement permitted: depression/elevation, protraction/retraction, lateral displacement, some rotation
    • The glenohumeral joint (shoulder): ball-and-socket joint
      • Thin, loose articular capsule
      • Articular components: ligaments, glenoid labrum (fibrocartilage lip), bursae
      • Movement permitted: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
        • Great range of motion but less stable than the coxal joint
    • The elbow joint: a joint formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius
      • Articular components: articular capsule, collateral ligaments, annular ligament, bursa at the olecranon
      • Movement: flexion/extension
    • The coxal or hip joint: ball-and-socket joint formed by the acetabulum of the coxal bone and the head of the femur
      • Very stable joint due to the number and arrangement of ligaments and the specific fit of the femoral head in the acetabulum
      • Articular components: thick articular capsule, acetabular labrum (fibrocartilage lip), accessory ligaments
      • Movement permitted: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, lateral/medial rotation, circumduction
    • The knee joint: a modified hinge joint
      • Three joints that share one synovial cavity: lateral joint between femur and tibia, medial joint between femur and tibia, anterior patellofemoral joint
      • Articular components: no single identifiable articular capsule, cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, menisci (medial and lateral), bursae
      • Movement permitted: flexion/extension

    Joint Diseases and Disorders

    • Arthritis: inflammation of the joints
      • Osteoarthritis: progressive loss of articular cartilage, results in increased friction between bones
    • Sprains: forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments, no bone dislocation
    • Strains: partially torn or stretched muscle or tendon, treatment is PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation)

    Summary:

    • Joints are sites of contact between bones
    • Classified by structure or function
    • Synovial joints are the only freely moveable joints
    • Movements permitted are a consequence of synovial joint structure
    • Joint diseases/disorders may be treated with PRICE or surgery

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of joints, also known as articulations. It explores the classification of joints, particularly fibrous joints, and describes the types such as sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. Enhance your understanding of joint structure and function.

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