Introduction to Joints and Classification
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Introduction to Joints and Classification

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Questions and Answers

What is the scientific study of joints called?

  • Kinesiology
  • Arthroscopy
  • Arthrology (correct)
  • Osteology

    • Sutures are generally mobile joints.

    False

    What type of connective tissue connects the bones of fibrous joints?

    Dense irregular connective tissue

    A gomphosis is a _________ joint between teeth and the mandible or maxilla.

    <p>cone-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilaginous joint connects bones with hyaline cartilage?

    <p>Synchondroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of joints with their characteristics:

    <p>Sutures = Connect cranial bones with dense irregular CT Syndesmoses = Bones connected by thicker and longer strips of CT Gomphosis = Cone-shaped joint between teeth and jaw bone Synchondroses = Connects bones with hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous joints typically allow for a wide range of movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interosseous ________ is an example of a syndesmosis.

    <p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is found at the articular surfaces of synovial joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursae are responsible for increasing friction between moving structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synovial fluid?

    <p>Nourishes chondrocytes, reduces friction, absorbs shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The articular_ capsule is bounded by the fibrous layer and the synovial membrane.

    <p>articular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of movements with their descriptions.

    <p>Flexion = Decrease in angle between two bones Extension = Increase in angle between two bones Abduction = Movement away from the midline Adduction = Movement toward the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type permits uniaxial movement?

    <p>Hinge joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All synovial joints are immovable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperextension?

    <p>Extension of a joint beyond its physiological limit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    fibrocartilage is found in the articular discs attached to the fibrous capsule.

    <p>fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the joint types with an example.

    <p>Ball-and-socket = Shoulder joint Saddle = Metacarpal of thumb Hinge = Knee joint Pivot = Atlanto-axial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement allows the distal part of a limb to move in a circle?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendon sheaths are shaped like tubes to reduce friction between ligaments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of accessory ligaments in synovial joints?

    <p>Provide extra reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bursa_ is a fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between moving structures.

    <p>bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint permits the greatest mobility?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ball-and-socket joint is the only type of joint that allows for rotation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main movements permitted by the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

    <p>Depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, lateral displacement, some rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coxal or hip joint is formed by the acetabulum of the _____ bone and the head of the femur.

    <p>coxal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following joints to their characteristics:

    <p>Shoulder Joint = Ball-and-socket joint Elbow Joint = Hinge joint Knee Joint = Modified hinge joint TMJ = Combination hinge and plane joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint?

    <p>Increases surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elbow joint allows for lateral rotation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the components of the knee joint.

    <p>Collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, menisci, bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the progressive loss of articular cartilage that may require surgery.

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment acronym for sprains?

    <p>PRICE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hip joint is less stable than the shoulder joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ joint is the only freely movable joint in the skull.

    <p>temporomandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the elbow joint?

    <p>It is a hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Joints

    • Articulations or joints are also known as arthroses
    • They are sites where bones come into contact.
    • The study of joints is called arthrology

    Classification of Joints

    • Joints are classified structurally
    • Two questions to determine structural classification:
      • Is there an articular cavity between the articulating bones?
      • What type of connective tissue connects the bones of the joint?

    Fibrous Joints

    • Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue.
    • There is no articular cavity.
    • Generally immobile.

    Types of Fibrous Joints

    • Sutures: Connect cranial bones with a thin strip of dense irregular connective tissue.

      • These are synarthroses (immobile) by adulthood.

    • Syndesmoses:

      • Thicker, longer strip of dense irregular connective tissue called an interosseous ligament/membrane.
      • A gomphosis is a cone-shaped joint between teeth and the mandible or maxilla.

    • Interosseous Membranes:

      • Made of dense irregular connective tissue.
      • Holds diaphyses of adjacent long bones together (e.g., distal limbs).

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Bones joined by cartilage.
    • No articular cavity.
    • Little or no movement.

    Types of Cartilaginous Joints

    • Synchondroses: Connects bones with hyaline or fibrocartilage.

      • Epiphyseal cartilages (hyaline cartilage) permit bone growth.

    • Symphyses:

      • Held by fibrocartilage
      • Bones are still covered in hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces

    Synovial Joints

    • Distinguished by the presence of an articular cavity between bones.
    • Bounded by an articular capsule that secretes lubricating fluid.
    • Bones are covered in articular cartilages (hyaline cartilage) which do NOT bind bones.
    • Freely moveable

    Components of Synovial Joints

    • Articular Capsule:

      • Bounds the articular cavity
      • Made of two layers:
        • Fibrous Layer (outer): dense irregular connective tissue, attaches to periosteum, forms ligaments at some joints
        • Synovial Membrane (inner): areolar connective tissue, secretes synovial fluid (viscous, clear, or pale yellow).

    • Synovial Fluid:

      • Nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage
      • Contains oxygen and nutrients
      • Contains immune cells
      • Reduces friction between bones at joints
      • Absorbs shock

    • Accessory Ligaments: Provide extra reinforcement for synovial joints (e.g., collateral and cruciate ligaments of the knee).

    • Articular Discs/Menisci: Fibrocartilage padding attached to the inside surface of the fibrous capsule.

      • Absorb shock and distribute weight more evenly.

    • Bursae: Sac-like structures that reduce friction between moving structures.

      • Found between bone and soft tissue (tendons, ligaments).

      • Bursitis: Chronic inflammation of bursae.

    • Tendon Sheaths: Tube-shaped bursae that wrap around tendons experiencing a lot of friction (e.g., the wrist).

    Movements at Synovial Joints

    • Synovial joints are the only freely movable joints.

    • Four main categories of movements:

      • Gliding: Nearly flat bones slide back-and-forth and side-to-side.

        • No change in the angle between articulating bones.
        • E.g., Intercarpal joints

      • Angular Movements: Increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones.

        • Flexion: Decrease in the angle between joined bones.
        • Extension: Increase in the angle between joined bones.
        • Lateral Flexion: Decrease in the angle between bones in the coronal plane.
        • Abduction: Movement of a bone away from the midline.
        • Adduction: Movement of a bone toward the midline.
        • Circumduction: Movement around a joint to move the distal part of a limb in a circle.

      • Rotation: Turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis.

        • May be medial or lateral in the limbs.

      • Special Movements: Unique to specific joints:

        • Mandible:
          • Elevation: Moving upward.
          • Depression: Moving downwards.
          • Protraction: Moving forward.
          • Retraction: Moving backward.
        • Hands and Feet:
          • Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot toward the shin.
          • Plantar Flexion: Bending the foot toward the sole.
          • Inversion: Turning the sole to face the midline.
          • Eversion: Turning the sole to face away from the midline.

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • Six types of synovial joints:

      • Plane Joints (gliding): Permit gliding movements (biaxial).

        • Examples: Intercarpal or intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, vertebrocostal joints

      • Hinge Joints (uniaxial): Movement is uniaxial (flexion/extension).

        • Examples: Knee joints, elbow joints, ankle joints, interphalangeal joints

      • Pivot Joints (uniaxial): Rounded surface fits into a ring made by a ligament and another bone.

        • Examples: Atlanto-axial joint, radioulnar joints (supination/pronation)

      • Condyloid Joints (ellipsoidal): Oval-shaped protrusion fits an oval-shaped depression (biaxial).

        • Examples: Radiocarpal joints (wrist)

      • Saddle Joints (biaxial): One bone looks like a saddle, and the other looks like a rider (biaxial).

        • Examples: Carpometacarpal joint between the proximal metacarpal of the thumb and trapezium.

      • Ball-and-Socket Joints (triaxial): Ball-shaped projection fits into a cup-shaped depression.

        • Examples: Shoulder and hip joints.

    Special Examples of Joints:

    • Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ):

      • Only freely movable joint in the skull.

      • Combination of hinge and gliding joints.

      • Articulation between the condylar process of the mandible and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

      • Articular Components:

        • Articular capsule
        • Multiple ligaments stabilize the joint
        • Meniscus subdivides the synovial cavity into:
          • Superior: Permits slight rotation, lateral displacement, protraction/retraction.
          • Inferior: Permits depression/elevation

      • Movements Permitted:

        • Depression/elevation
        • Protraction/retraction
        • Lateral displacement (side to side)
        • Some rotation

    • Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder):

      • Ball-and-socket joint.

      • Thin, loose articular capsule.

      • Articular Components:

        • Many ligaments reinforce the joint.
        • Glenoid labrum: Fibrocartilage lip/rim of the glenoid cavity (increases surface area).
        • Bursae: Four pads to absorb shock and reduce friction.

      • Movements Permitted:

        • Flexion, extension, hyperextension.
        • Abduction, adduction.
        • Medial and lateral rotation.
        • Circumduction.
        • Great ROM but less stable.

    • Elbow Joint:

      • Formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius.
      • Articular Components
        • Articular capsule
        • Collateral ligaments: Strengthen connection between humerus and radius/ulna.
        • Annular ligament: Ring-like ligament that holds the radial head to the radial notch of the ulna.
        • Bursa at the olecranon.
      • Movements Permitted: Flexion, extension.

    • Coxal Joint (Hip):

      • Ball-and-socket joint formed by the acetabulum of the coxal bone and the head of the femur.

      • Very stable joint due to:

        • Number and arrangement of ligaments.
        • Specific fit of the femoral head in the acetabulum.

      • Articular Components:

        • Thick articular capsule.
        • Acetabular labrum: Fibrocartilage lip of the acetabulum.
        • Accessory ligaments: Numerous and strong.

      • Movements Permitted:

        • Flexion/extension.
        • Abduction/adduction.
        • Lateral and medial rotation.
        • Circumduction.

    • Knee Joint:

      • A modified hinge joint.

      • Three joints that share one synovial cavity:

        • Lateral joint between femur and tibia.
        • Medial joint between femur and tibia.
        • Anterior patellofemoral joint (a plane joint).

      • Articular Components:

        • No single identifiable articular capsule, instead connections made by muscle tendons
        • Cruciate ligaments: Cross one another.
        • Collateral ligaments: Reinforce connection between femur/tibia and femur/fibula.
        • Menisci: One medial, one lateral.
        • Bursae:
          • Infrapatellar bursa sits between the tibia and patellar ligament.

      • Movements Permitted:

        • Flexion/extension.
        • Some rotation.

    Joint Diseases and Disorders

    • Arthritis:

      • Osteoarthritis: Progressive loss of articular cartilage, causing increased friction between bones.

    • Sprains & Strains:

      • Sprains: Forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments.
        • No bone dislocation.
        • May require surgery.
      • Strains: Partially torn or stretched muscle or tendon.
        • Treatment: PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation).

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of joints, also known as arthroses, where bones meet. This quiz covers the structural classification of joints, focusing on fibrous joints, including sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes. Test your knowledge of their characteristics and functions.

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