Joint Classification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What classification is based on the tissue forming the joint?

  • Structural classification (correct)
  • Fluid classification
  • Movement classification
  • Functional classification

Which type of joint is immovable and classified as a synarthrosis?

  • Gomphosis (correct)
  • Symphysis
  • Synchondrosis
  • Syndesmosis

What determines the amount of movement possible in synovial joints?

  • Density of connective tissue
  • Type of cartilage
  • Shape of articular surfaces (correct)
  • Length of muscle fibers

Which subtype of cartilaginous joint is classified as slightly movable?

<p>Symphysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint classification involves dense irregular connective tissue uniting the bones?

<p>Fibrous joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position characterized by?

<p>Standing upright with feet together and palms facing forward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a mid-sagittal plane from a para-sagittal plane?

<p>Mid-sagittal divides the body into equal right and left parts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone marking term describes a raised projection on or above a condyle?

<p>Epicondyle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint classification involves a union between two or more parts of the skeleton?

<p>Arthrology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a tuberosity?

<p>Rough projection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is classified as an opening in bones?

<p>Foramen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fossa primarily defined as?

<p>A shallow depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a trochanter?

<p>A large, rough projection found only on the femur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a canal or meatus in bone structure?

<p>To serve as a tubular passageway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a small, flat, smooth surface on a bone?

<p>Facet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the biceps brachii play during elbow flexion in a bicep curl?

<p>Agonist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an antagonist muscle in a movement?

<p>Must relax to allow movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles assists the agonist and cancels out unwanted actions?

<p>Synergist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a stabiliser in a movement?

<p>Improves the efficiency of the agonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During elbow flexion in a bicep curl, what muscle is primarily acting as an antagonist?

<p>Triceps brachii (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a functional role of muscles in movement?

<p>Rotator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is NOT part of the shoulder complex?

<p>Femur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint classified as?

<p>Ball-and-socket joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

<p>To return blood back to the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein primarily drains into the Axillary vein?

<p>Basilic vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do superficial veins compare to deep veins regarding the number of valves?

<p>Superficial veins have fewer valves than deep veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'vena commitantes'?

<p>Veins that run alongside arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having two sets of veins in the circulatory system?

<p>They provide built-in redundancy and aid in temperature control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins does the Cephalic vein drain into?

<p>Axillary vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure do the Basilic and Cephalic veins communicate through?

<p>Median cubital vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about deep veins is false?

<p>They are located in the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle connects the axial skeleton to the humerus?

<p>Pectoralis major (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pronator quadratus muscle?

<p>Pronate the forearm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is considered part of the scapulohumeral group?

<p>Teres major (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which anatomical origin does the biceps brachii's long head arise?

<p>Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement is primarily associated with the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

<p>Opposition and reposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The teres minor muscle primarily inserts into which structure?

<p>Greater tubercle of the humerus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the forearm in the mid-prone position?

<p>Brachioradialis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the ribs and inserts into the coracoid process of the scapula?

<p>Pectoralis minor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of the radiocarpal joint?

<p>Condyloid joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does the ulnar (medial) collateral ligament limit?

<p>Adduction of the hand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is part of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

<p>Flexor carpi radialis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does the thumb have?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle attaches to the lateral border of the scapula?

<p>Teres minor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the course of the median nerve in the lower half of the arm?

<p>Medial to the brachial artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the location of the ulna nerve?

<p>Between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the musculocutaneous nerve become a cutaneous nerve?

<p>By descending between biceps and brachialis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of the median nerve at the wrist?

<p>Between flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi radialis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the deep branch of the radial nerve pass?

<p>Around the neck of the radius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition makes peripheral nerves particularly vulnerable?

<p>Being close to the surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical arrangement helps protect nerves from tension?

<p>Internal anatomical arrangements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the upper limb?

<p>Subclavian artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the brachiocephalic trunk?

<p>To split into arteries supplying the neck and arms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the vascular supply to the upper limb?

<p>Redundant pathways via anastomoses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve runs between the two heads of pronator teres?

<p>Median nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the course of the ulna nerve is incorrect?

<p>It is more lateral than the median nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when nerves experience severe traction injuries?

<p>They exceed their capacity to sustain tension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition could cause the median nerve to be compressed?

<p>Passing through a muscle belly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area does the brachial artery split into two major branches?

<p>Near the elbow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fibrous Joint

A joint where fibrous tissue connects bones, with movement limited by the length of the fibers.

Synovial Joint

A freely movable joint with a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.

Cartilaginous Joint

A joint where cartilage connects bones, with movement varying based on the type of cartilage.

Joint Movement

Joint movements are often pairs of opposite actions.

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Joint Classification

Joints are classified structurally (tissue type) and functionally (movement).

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Anatomical Position

A standardized position for the body used as a reference point in anatomical descriptions.

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Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

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Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left sections.

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Mid-Sagittal Plane

A sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

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Para-Sagittal Plane

A sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and left halves.

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Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.

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Bone Markings

Distinctive surface features on bones, which serve as attachment or articulation sites, or for passageways for structures.

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Projections (Bone)

Bony parts that are sticking out from the bone surface, often as attachment or articulation sites.

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Joint

A union between two or more parts of the skeleton, not always between two bones.

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Arthrology

The study of joints in the body.

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Agonist Muscle

The muscle primarily responsible for producing a desired movement.

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Antagonist Muscle

The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist's movement.

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Synergist/Neutralizer

Assists the agonist by canceling out unwanted movements.

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Stabilizer/Fixator

Muscle that stabilizes a joint for efficient movement.

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Muscle Function

Roles a muscle plays in a movement.

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Shoulder Girdle

Bone structure (clavicle and scapula) supporting the shoulder.

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Glenohumeral Joint

The main joint connecting the upper arm bone (humerus) and shoulder girdle.

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Isometric Contraction

Muscle resists a force but doesn't change length.

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Deep veins

Veins running alongside arteries, having valves to maintain blood flow direction.

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Superficial veins

Veins located closer to the body surface, with fewer valves compared to deep veins and freely anastomosing with deep veins.

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Vein function

Veins return blood to the heart, going against the direction of the arteries.

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Dorsal venous arch

Venous network on the hand's back, part of the superficial venous system.

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Basilic and Cephalic veins

Major superficial veins in the arm, connecting to the axillary vein.

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Median cubital vein

A vein found at the elbow, connecting the basilic and cephalic veins.

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Pelvis bones

Pelvis formed by union of 3 parts of innominate bone.

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Significance of dual venous system

Two sets of veins offer redundancy for blood return and temperature control.

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Musculocutaneous Nerve Course

Runs lateral to axillary artery, pierces coracobrachialis, travels between biceps & brachialis, becomes cutaneous at elbow, serving only skin.

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Median Nerve Course

Medial to brachial artery, behind bicipital aponeurosis, crosses elbow, passes between pronator teres heads, deep to FDS, medial to wrist, beneath flexor retinaculum to hand.

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Ulnar Nerve Course

Medial to brachial artery, medial to median nerve, through triceps, between medial epicondyle & olecranon, medial forearm, FDP, anterior to flexor retinaculum, hand.

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Peripheral Nerve Vulnerability

Nerves susceptible to squashing and tension; anatomical protection limits harm in normal conditions.

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Brachiocephalic Trunk

Major artery, splits into common carotid and subclavian, supplying blood to head, neck, and upper limbs.

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Subclavian Arteries

Arteries supplying blood to upper limbs

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Common Carotid Arteries

Arteries supplying blood to the head and neck on corresponding sides

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Radial Nerve

Crosses anterior aspect of elbow, divides into superficial and deep branches, deep branch around radius neck, posterior forearm, between supination heads, posterior interosseous membrane.

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Nerve Squashing Sites

Nerves vulnerable to compression where they lie on bone close to surface, or pass through muscle bellies.

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Vascular Supply to Upper Limb

The brachiocephalic trunk supplies blood to the upper limb via the subclavian artery

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Vulnerability to Severe Traction

Severe traction injuries exceed the capacity of anatomical arrangements to protect the nerve.

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Nerves in Forearm

The median, ulnar, and radial nerves course through the forearm, supplying various portions of the arm.

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Deep Branch Radial Nerve

Winds around the neck of the radius, passes between the two heads of the supinator muscles, runs on the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane.

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Superficial & Deep Branches

Dividing nerves, providing different functions, potentially compressing nerves

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Flexor Retinaculum

Provides a structure to prevent nerve sliding and protecting it from mechanical stress (squishing).

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Anterior Forearm

Median Nerve location; The section of the forearm anterior to the arm.

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Axio-appendicular muscles

Muscles connecting the axial skeleton (spine, ribs, sternum) to the appendicular skeleton (limbs).

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Pectoralis major

A large chest muscle that connects the sternum and clavicle to the upper arm (humerus).

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Latissimus dorsi

A large back muscle that connects the lower back and ribs to the upper arm (humerus).

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Pectoralis minor

A chest muscle connecting the ribs to the shoulder blade (scapula).

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Serratus anterior

A muscle connecting ribs to the shoulder blade (scapula) with serrated edges.

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Trapezius

A large back muscle connecting the neck and upper back to the shoulder blade (scapula) and clavicle.

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Deltoid

Shoulder muscle connecting the shoulder blade (scapula) and clavicle to the upper arm (humerus).

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Scapulohumeral muscles

Muscles that connect the shoulder blade (scapula) to the upper arm (humerus).

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Teres major

Shoulder muscle connecting the shoulder blade (scapula) to the upper arm (humerus).

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Teres minor

Shoulder muscle connecting directly to upper arm (humerus)

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Supraspinatus

Shoulder muscle originating from shoulder blade (scapula) and attaching to the shoulder (humerus).

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Subscapularis

Shoulder muscle located on shoulder blade.

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Radiocarpal joint

Wrist joint where radius (bone) and wrist (carpus) meet.

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Carpometacarpal joint

Joints that connect the wrist (carpus) to fingers (metacarpals).

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Interphalangeal joints

Joints between the bones (phalanges) in the fingers.

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Study Notes

Anatomical Position and Directional Terms

  • Anatomical position: Standing upright, feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, palms facing forward.
  • Prone: Lying face down.
  • Supine: Lying face up.
  • Directional terms: Used to describe the location of one body part in relation to another. Examples include superior (above), inferior (below), anterior (front), posterior (back), medial (toward the midline), lateral (away from the midline), proximal (closer to the point of attachment), distal (further from the point of attachment), superficial (closer to the surface), deep (further from the surface).

Planes of the Body

  • Coronal (frontal): Divides the body into front and back portions.
  • Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left portions.
    • Mid-sagittal (median): Divides the body into equal right and left halves.
    • Para-sagittal: Divides the body into unequal right and left halves.
  • Transverse (horizontal): Divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Bone Markings

  • Projections: Tubercle (small, rounded projection), trochanter (large, rounded projection), tuberosity (rough projection), epicondyle (raised projection above a condyle), ramus (branch-like projection), process (any bony prominence), spine (pointed, slender projection), line (low ridge), crest (prominent ridge)
  • Depressions: Fossa (shallow depression), groove (shallow furrow), sulcus (deep furrow), fovea (small, pit-like depression)
  • Openings/Spaces: Foramen (hole), fissure (narrow slit), canal/meatus (tubular passageway), sinus (space or cavity)

Types of Bones

  • Long bones (e.g., femur)
  • Flat bones (e.g., sternum)
  • Short bones (e.g., cuneiforms)
  • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella)
  • Sutural bones (small bones within sutures of the skull)

Cartilage

  • Cartilaginous joints: Joints united by cartilage.
    • Primary cartilaginous (synchondroses): Immovable joints (synarthroses).
    • Secondary cartilaginous (symphyses): Slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses).

Synovial Joints

  • Joints with a cavity filled with synovial fluid.
  • Freely movable (diarthroses).
  • Subtypes determined by shape and movement.
  • Examples: hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket, plane

Accessory Joint Structures

  • Ligaments: Bands of fibrous tissue that strengthen and stabilize joints.
  • Articular discs: Pads of fibrocartilage between articular surfaces; increase stability and shock absorption.
  • Bursae: Synovial fluid-filled sacs reduce friction between structures near joints.

Muscles

  • Myology: Study of muscles.
  • Skeletal Muscle Components
    • Muscle belly: Contractile portion of a muscle.
    • Tendons: Attach muscles to bones; transfers tension from muscle contraction.
    • Origin: Fixed attachment point (usually proximal).
    • Insertion: Movable attachment point (usually distal).
  • Muscle Classification: Based on fascicle arrangement
    • Parallel : fascicles run parallel to the muscle's long axis. e.g., strap, fusiform, flat/quadrilateral
    • Convergent : fascicles converge from a broad origin toward a narrow insertion. e.g., triangular muscles
    • Oblique : fascicles arranged obliquely to the tendon. e.g., unipennate, bipennate, multipennate.
    • Circular: fascicles arranged concentrically. e.g., sphincters
  • Muscle Actions: pure movement produced during muscle contraction. and actions
    • Agonist: Primary mover muscle producing or controlling movement.
    • Antagonist: Opposing muscle that must relax for agonist action.
    • Synergists/Neutralizers: assist the agonist by canceling out unwanted actions.
    • Stabilizers/Fixators: Stabilize a joint for the desired movement.
  • Isometric: muscle contraction that does not change muscle length.
  • Isotonic: muscle contraction results in a change of muscle length
    • Concentric: Muscle shortens.
    • Eccentric: Muscle lengthens.

Axial Skeleton

  • Components: Bones of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs.

Appendicular Skeleton

  • Components: Bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), pelvic girdle (hip bones).

Upper Extremity

  • Shoulder complex: Clavicle, scapula, humerus.
    • Glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joint, acromioclavicular joint, and sternoclavicular joint
  • Arm and Forearm: Humerus, radius, ulna
    • Elbow joint (humeroradial and humeroulnar) + proximal and distal radioulnar joint
  • Wrist: Radiocarpal (wrist) and midcarpal joints
  • Hand : Carpal, metacarpal and phalangeal bones associated carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints

Lower Extremity

  • Pelvis: Ilium, ischium, pubis
  • Hip: Femur and associated hip joint
  • Knee: Femur, tibia, patella
    • Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints
  • Leg and Foot
    • Tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal and phalangeal bones, and associated joints
  • Muscles
    • Muscles that connects axial skeleton to shoulder gride
    • Muscles connecting shoulder girdle to humerus
    • Muscles connecting shoulder girdle to forearm
    • Muscles connecting the axial skeleton to the humerus

Nervous System

  • Peripheral Nervous System: -Cranial nerves, emerging directly from the brain or brain stem, supply structures of the neck and head, and thorax and abdomen.

    • Spinal nerves, named and numbered according to the place where they emerge from the spinal cord.
      • Sensory nerves → sensory input.
      • Motor nerves → motor output, influencing muscle contraction.

  • Plexi (nerve plexuses): Groups of nerves formed from the ventral rami supplies structures of upper limb and shoulder.

    • Brachial plexus - provides nerve supply to the upper limb and shoulder region.
    • Axillary nerve (supplies deltoid and teres minor).
    • Musculocutaneous nerve (supplies coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis
    • Radial nerve(extensor muscles of forearm)
    • Median nerve (flexor muscles of forearm, most of the hand, and parts of the wrist).
    • Ulnar nerve (supplies most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand).

Blood Supply

  • Arteries: Deliver oxygenated blood.
  • Veins: Return deoxygenated blood.
  • Arteries of the upper limbs.
  • Veins of the upper limbs: Dorsal venous network, basilic and cephalic veins.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the classification of joints based on tissue, mobility, and structural characteristics. This quiz covers synarthrosis, synovial joints, cartilaginous joints, and more. See how well you understand the anatomy and types of joints!

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