Joint Classification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What classification is based on the tissue forming the joint?

  • Structural classification (correct)
  • Fluid classification
  • Movement classification
  • Functional classification

    • Which type of joint is immovable and classified as a synarthrosis?

  • Gomphosis (correct)
  • Symphysis
  • Synchondrosis
  • Syndesmosis

    • What determines the amount of movement possible in synovial joints?

  • Density of connective tissue
  • Type of cartilage
  • Shape of articular surfaces (correct)
  • Length of muscle fibers

    • Which subtype of cartilaginous joint is classified as slightly movable?

    <p>Symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint classification involves dense irregular connective tissue uniting the bones?

    <p>Fibrous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position characterized by?

    <p>Standing upright with feet together and palms facing forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a mid-sagittal plane from a para-sagittal plane?

    <p>Mid-sagittal divides the body into equal right and left parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone marking term describes a raised projection on or above a condyle?

    <p>Epicondyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint classification involves a union between two or more parts of the skeleton?

    <p>Arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a tuberosity?

    <p>Rough projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is classified as an opening in bones?

    <p>Foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fossa primarily defined as?

    <p>A shallow depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a trochanter?

    <p>A large, rough projection found only on the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a canal or meatus in bone structure?

    <p>To serve as a tubular passageway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a small, flat, smooth surface on a bone?

    <p>Facet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the biceps brachii play during elbow flexion in a bicep curl?

    <p>Agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antagonist muscle in a movement?

    <p>Must relax to allow movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles assists the agonist and cancels out unwanted actions?

    <p>Synergist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a stabiliser in a movement?

    <p>Improves the efficiency of the agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During elbow flexion in a bicep curl, what muscle is primarily acting as an antagonist?

    <p>Triceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a functional role of muscles in movement?

    <p>Rotator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT part of the shoulder complex?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint classified as?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

    <p>To return blood back to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein primarily drains into the Axillary vein?

    <p>Basilic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do superficial veins compare to deep veins regarding the number of valves?

    <p>Superficial veins have fewer valves than deep veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'vena commitantes'?

    <p>Veins that run alongside arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having two sets of veins in the circulatory system?

    <p>They provide built-in redundancy and aid in temperature control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins does the Cephalic vein drain into?

    <p>Axillary vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure do the Basilic and Cephalic veins communicate through?

    <p>Median cubital vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about deep veins is false?

    <p>They are located in the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle connects the axial skeleton to the humerus?

    <p>Pectoralis major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pronator quadratus muscle?

    <p>Pronate the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is considered part of the scapulohumeral group?

    <p>Teres major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which anatomical origin does the biceps brachii's long head arise?

    <p>Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement is primarily associated with the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

    <p>Opposition and reposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The teres minor muscle primarily inserts into which structure?

    <p>Greater tubercle of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the forearm in the mid-prone position?

    <p>Brachioradialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the ribs and inserts into the coracoid process of the scapula?

    <p>Pectoralis minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of the radiocarpal joint?

    <p>Condyloid joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the ulnar (medial) collateral ligament limit?

    <p>Adduction of the hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is part of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

    <p>Flexor carpi radialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges does the thumb have?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle attaches to the lateral border of the scapula?

    <p>Teres minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the median nerve in the lower half of the arm?

    <p>Medial to the brachial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the location of the ulna nerve?

    <p>Between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the musculocutaneous nerve become a cutaneous nerve?

    <p>By descending between biceps and brachialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship of the median nerve at the wrist?

    <p>Between flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi radialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the deep branch of the radial nerve pass?

    <p>Around the neck of the radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition makes peripheral nerves particularly vulnerable?

    <p>Being close to the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical arrangement helps protect nerves from tension?

    <p>Internal anatomical arrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the upper limb?

    <p>Subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the brachiocephalic trunk?

    <p>To split into arteries supplying the neck and arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the vascular supply to the upper limb?

    <p>Redundant pathways via anastomoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve runs between the two heads of pronator teres?

    <p>Median nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the course of the ulna nerve is incorrect?

    <p>It is more lateral than the median nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when nerves experience severe traction injuries?

    <p>They exceed their capacity to sustain tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could cause the median nerve to be compressed?

    <p>Passing through a muscle belly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area does the brachial artery split into two major branches?

    <p>Near the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomical Position and Directional Terms

    • Anatomical position: Standing upright, feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, palms facing forward.
    • Prone: Lying face down.
    • Supine: Lying face up.
    • Directional terms: Used to describe the location of one body part in relation to another. Examples include superior (above), inferior (below), anterior (front), posterior (back), medial (toward the midline), lateral (away from the midline), proximal (closer to the point of attachment), distal (further from the point of attachment), superficial (closer to the surface), deep (further from the surface).

    Planes of the Body

    • Coronal (frontal): Divides the body into front and back portions.
    • Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left portions.
      • Mid-sagittal (median): Divides the body into equal right and left halves.
      • Para-sagittal: Divides the body into unequal right and left halves.
    • Transverse (horizontal): Divides the body into upper and lower portions.

    Bone Markings

    • Projections: Tubercle (small, rounded projection), trochanter (large, rounded projection), tuberosity (rough projection), epicondyle (raised projection above a condyle), ramus (branch-like projection), process (any bony prominence), spine (pointed, slender projection), line (low ridge), crest (prominent ridge)
    • Depressions: Fossa (shallow depression), groove (shallow furrow), sulcus (deep furrow), fovea (small, pit-like depression)
    • Openings/Spaces: Foramen (hole), fissure (narrow slit), canal/meatus (tubular passageway), sinus (space or cavity)

    Types of Bones

    • Long bones (e.g., femur)
    • Flat bones (e.g., sternum)
    • Short bones (e.g., cuneiforms)
    • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae)
    • Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella)
    • Sutural bones (small bones within sutures of the skull)

    Cartilage

    • Cartilaginous joints: Joints united by cartilage.
      • Primary cartilaginous (synchondroses): Immovable joints (synarthroses).
      • Secondary cartilaginous (symphyses): Slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses).

    Synovial Joints

    • Joints with a cavity filled with synovial fluid.
    • Freely movable (diarthroses).
    • Subtypes determined by shape and movement.
    • Examples: hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket, plane

    Accessory Joint Structures

    • Ligaments: Bands of fibrous tissue that strengthen and stabilize joints.
    • Articular discs: Pads of fibrocartilage between articular surfaces; increase stability and shock absorption.
    • Bursae: Synovial fluid-filled sacs reduce friction between structures near joints.

    Muscles

    • Myology: Study of muscles.
    • Skeletal Muscle Components
      • Muscle belly: Contractile portion of a muscle.
      • Tendons: Attach muscles to bones; transfers tension from muscle contraction.
      • Origin: Fixed attachment point (usually proximal).
      • Insertion: Movable attachment point (usually distal).
    • Muscle Classification: Based on fascicle arrangement
      • Parallel : fascicles run parallel to the muscle's long axis. e.g., strap, fusiform, flat/quadrilateral
      • Convergent : fascicles converge from a broad origin toward a narrow insertion. e.g., triangular muscles
      • Oblique : fascicles arranged obliquely to the tendon. e.g., unipennate, bipennate, multipennate.
      • Circular: fascicles arranged concentrically. e.g., sphincters
    • Muscle Actions: pure movement produced during muscle contraction. and actions
      • Agonist: Primary mover muscle producing or controlling movement.
      • Antagonist: Opposing muscle that must relax for agonist action.
      • Synergists/Neutralizers: assist the agonist by canceling out unwanted actions.
      • Stabilizers/Fixators: Stabilize a joint for the desired movement.
    • Isometric: muscle contraction that does not change muscle length.
    • Isotonic: muscle contraction results in a change of muscle length
      • Concentric: Muscle shortens.
      • Eccentric: Muscle lengthens.

    Axial Skeleton

    • Components: Bones of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs.

    Appendicular Skeleton

    • Components: Bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), pelvic girdle (hip bones).

    Upper Extremity

    • Shoulder complex: Clavicle, scapula, humerus.
      • Glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joint, acromioclavicular joint, and sternoclavicular joint
    • Arm and Forearm: Humerus, radius, ulna
      • Elbow joint (humeroradial and humeroulnar) + proximal and distal radioulnar joint
    • Wrist: Radiocarpal (wrist) and midcarpal joints
    • Hand : Carpal, metacarpal and phalangeal bones associated carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints

    Lower Extremity

    • Pelvis: Ilium, ischium, pubis
    • Hip: Femur and associated hip joint
    • Knee: Femur, tibia, patella
      • Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints
    • Leg and Foot
      • Tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal and phalangeal bones, and associated joints
    • Muscles
      • Muscles that connects axial skeleton to shoulder gride
      • Muscles connecting shoulder girdle to humerus
      • Muscles connecting shoulder girdle to forearm
      • Muscles connecting the axial skeleton to the humerus

    Nervous System

    • Peripheral Nervous System: -Cranial nerves, emerging directly from the brain or brain stem, supply structures of the neck and head, and thorax and abdomen.

      • Spinal nerves, named and numbered according to the place where they emerge from the spinal cord.
        • Sensory nerves → sensory input.
        • Motor nerves → motor output, influencing muscle contraction.

    • Plexi (nerve plexuses): Groups of nerves formed from the ventral rami supplies structures of upper limb and shoulder.

      • Brachial plexus - provides nerve supply to the upper limb and shoulder region.
      • Axillary nerve (supplies deltoid and teres minor).
      • Musculocutaneous nerve (supplies coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis
      • Radial nerve(extensor muscles of forearm)
      • Median nerve (flexor muscles of forearm, most of the hand, and parts of the wrist).
      • Ulnar nerve (supplies most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand).

    Blood Supply

    • Arteries: Deliver oxygenated blood.
    • Veins: Return deoxygenated blood.
    • Arteries of the upper limbs.
    • Veins of the upper limbs: Dorsal venous network, basilic and cephalic veins.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the classification of joints based on tissue, mobility, and structural characteristics. This quiz covers synarthrosis, synovial joints, cartilaginous joints, and more. See how well you understand the anatomy and types of joints!

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