26 Questions
Match the risk assessment terms with their definitions:
Static risk factors = Risk factors that do not change over time Stable risk factors = Risk factors that may change, but at a slow pace Acute dynamic risk factors = Risk factors that change rapidly and have an immediate impact on risk Unstructured clinical judgment = A risk assessment approach that relies on the clinician's professional experience and intuition
Match the risk assessment methods with their descriptions:
Actuarial prediction = A risk assessment method that uses statistical models and algorithms Structured professional judgment = A risk assessment method that combines actuarial data with professional judgment Unstructured clinical judgment = A risk assessment method that relies on the clinician's professional experience and intuition Static risk factors = Risk factors that do not change over time
Match the parole board considerations with their descriptions:
Likelihood of reoffending = The probability that an individual will commit another crime after being released Appropriate ways of dealing with interpersonal conflict = The ability of an individual to handle conflicts in a non-violent manner Risk assessment = The process of evaluating an individual's potential for future criminal behavior Actuarial prediction = A risk assessment method that uses statistical models and algorithms
Match the following base rates with their corresponding descriptions:
5% = Original base rate 27.5% = Base rate after patient and collateral reports were added 6 times higher than the original base rate = Rate of violence when patient and collateral reports were added
Match the following types of violence with their descriptions:
Threatened violence versus severe violence = Classification based on severity of violence Spousal violence versus sexual violence = Classification based on types of violence Family versus stranger = Classification based on targets of violence Institutions versus community = Classification based on location of violence
Match the following types of violence with their associated risk factors:
Sexual offences = May predict future sexual offences Bank robberies = May not be predicted by a history of sexual offences
Match the following terms with their correct definitions in the context of predictive accuracy of risk assessments:
True positive = A correct prediction that occurs when a person who is predicted to engage in some type of behaviour (e.g., a violent act) does so True negative = A correct prediction that occurs when a person who is predicted not to engage in some type of behaviour (e.g., a violent act) does not False positive = An incorrect prediction that occurs when a person is predicted to engage in some type of behaviour (e.g., a violent act) but does not False negative = An incorrect prediction that occurs when a person is predicted not to engage in some type of behaviour (e.g., a violent act) but does
Match the following types of errors with their correct definitions:
False positive error = An incorrect prediction that has implications for the individual being assessed (such as denial of freedom) False negative error = An incorrect prediction that has implications for society and the potential victim (such as another child victimized by a sexual offender)
Match the following terms with their correct definitions in the context of base rate problem:
Base rate = Represents the percentage of people within a given population who commit a criminal or violent act
Match the following types of predictions with their correct outcomes:
Predicted not to reoffend = True negative (correct prediction) Predict to reoffend = True positive (correct prediction)
Match the following court cases with their rulings on the use of risk assessment in predicting violence:
Barefoot v. Estelle (1983) = U.S. Supreme Court determined the use of hypothetical questions to establish future dangerousness was admissible R. Moore v. the Queen (1984) = Canadian court supported the role of mental health professionals in the prediction of violent behaviour R. v. Lyons (1987) = Canadian court concluded that psychiatric evidence is clearly relevant to the issue whether a person is likely to behave in a certain way Monahan and Steadman (1994) = Identified three main weaknesses of research on the prediction of violence
Match the following authors with their recommendations for improving risk assessment:
Monahan and Steadman (1994) = Pay more attention to understanding how an individual’s subjective state leads an individual to commit violence Yang and Mulvey (2012) = Assessment of risk may be improved by measuring more of the reasons why people engage in violence
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Criterion variable = The variable you are trying to measure Base rate for violence = The rate of violence when using official agency records as the measure False positives = Crimes that are recorded as violent, but may not be classified as such
Match the following statements with their correct court case:
Predictions of violence risk do not violate the basic tenets of fundamental justice, nor are they unconstitutional = Barefoot v. Estelle (1983) The test for admissibility is relevance, not infallibility = R. v. Lyons (1987)
Match the following components of risk assessment with their descriptions:
Prediction component = Describes the probability that an individual will commit future criminal or violent acts Management component = Describes the development of interventions to manage or reduce the likelihood of future violence Risk assessment = A process that includes both a 'prediction' and 'management' component Probability = A dimension added to the assessment of whether a person will commit violence
Match the following risk assessment terms with their definitions:
Risk assessment = The process of predicting and evaluating the likelihood of harmful events Violent recidivist = A person who has previously committed violent acts and is likely to do so again Risk factor = A characteristic or condition that increases the likelihood of harmful events Risk level = The degree to which a person is considered dangerous
Match the following risk assessment contexts with their descriptions:
Civil contexts = Refer to the private rights of individuals and the legal proceedings connected with such rights Criminal contexts = Refer to situations in which an individual has been charged with a crime Civil commitment = Requires an individual to be hospitalized involuntarily if he or she has a mental illness and poses a danger to him- or herself or others Child protection contexts = Involve the laws that are in place to protect children from abuse
Match the following risk assessment terms with their explanations:
Risk = The possibility of suffering harm or loss Risk prediction = The act of estimating the likelihood of an event occurring in the future Risk management = The identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events Violence prevention = The act of taking measures to avoid the occurrence of violent acts
Match the following key findings with the corresponding studies:
Base rate for violence was relatively low = Baxstrom and Dixon studies False positive rate was very high = Baxstrom and Dixon studies Only 7 out of 98 patients violently reoffended = Baxstrom study 60 out of 400 patients were either arrested or rehospitalized for a violent incident = Dixon study
Match the following quotes with the researchers who made them:
"Psychiatrists and psychologists are accurate in no more than one out of three predictions of violent behavior over a several-year period among institutionalized populations that had both committed violence in the past (and thus had a high base rate for it) and who were diagnosed as mentally ill" = John Monahan "No expertise to predict dangerous behavior exists and the attempt to apply this supposed knowledge to predict who will be dangerous results in a complete failure" = Cocozza & Steadman "Flipping coins in the courtroom" = Ennis and Litwack
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Base rate = The percentage of people within a given population who commit a criminal or violent act False positive rate = The rate at which a test incorrectly indicates that a condition is present Civil rights case = A legal case that involves an individual's rights as a citizen
Match the following events with their outcomes:
Baxstrom v. Herald (1966) = Johnnie Baxstrom was released into the community Dixon v. Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1971 = 400 forensic patients were released into the community
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Duty to warn = The responsibility of mental health professionals to consider the likelihood that their patients will act in a violent manner and to intervene to prevent such behavior Solicitor–client privilege = The legal principle that protects the confidentiality of communications between a lawyer and their client Risk assessment = The process of evaluating the potential for harm or loss to individuals or society Long-term offender = A category of dangerous persons who pose a substantial risk for violently reoffending
Match the following scenarios with the appropriate legal actions:
A person accused of a serious crime reveals their plans for future violent offenses to their psychiatrist = The psychiatrist is duty-bound to disclose this information to the police and the Crown counsel A lawyer is discussing a case with their client = The lawyer is protected by solicitor–client privilege and can freely discuss the case with the client A risk assessment indicates that an offender is a dangerous offender = The only option for sentencing is indefinite incarceration An adolescent offender is considered high risk = They should be committed to secure custody
Match the following legal terms with their definitions:
Indefinite incarceration = A type of sentencing where the offender can be sentenced to an indefinite period of incarceration Dangerous offender = A category of offenders who, according to risk assessment, pose a high risk for committing violent offenses Long-term offender = A category of dangerous persons who pose a substantial risk for violently reoffending Solicitor–client privilege = The legal principle that protects the confidentiality of communications between a lawyer and their client
Match the following legal cases with their outcomes:
Smith v. Jones (1999) = The Supreme Court ruled that in cases where there is “clear, serious, and imminent danger,” public safety outweighs solicitor–client privilege Case involving a dangerous offender = If an offender is found to be a dangerous offender, the only option for sentencing is indefinite incarceration Case involving a long-term offender = To be declared a long-term offender, a person must pose a substantial risk for violently reoffending Case involving duty to warn = A psychiatrist was hired to aid a defence lawyer, and when he found out that the lawyer was not going to address his concerns about the accused's plans for future violent offenses, he filed an affidavit providing his opinion about the level of risk posed by the accused
Understanding the Constitutionality of Predictions of Violence Risk: Take this quiz to test your knowledge on the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Barefoot v. Estelle (1983) regarding the constitutionality of a Texas death-penalty appeal decision. Learn about the court's stance on predictions of violence risk and their impact on fundamental justice.
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