Untitled Quiz

Pharmacology Final Review Questions

• Drug Elimination in Alkaline Urine: Sulfonamide

• Enzyme Inhibitor: Tobacco smoke

• Drug Interactions: Accumulation, synergism, tachyphylaxis, tolerance

• Noradrenaline Receptor Activation: Alpha receptors, both alpha and beta receptors - but not dopamine receptors

• Isoproterenol: A sympathomimetic drug directly activating beta-adrenergic receptors. Not a parasympathomimetic drug.

• Drug Elimination in Acidic Urine: Amphetamine

• Local Hemostatic, Nasal Decongestant: Adrenaline (direct-acting catecholamine)

• Bioavailability: The fraction of an uncharged drug reaching systemic circulation after any administration route.

• Drug-Drug Interaction Type: Pharmacokinetic interaction (absorption, biotransformation, distribution, excretion.)

• Drug Administration Route for spinal cord: Intra-thecal route

• Conjugation Process: Coupling of drug with a substrate (like glucuronic acid) via hydrolytic, oxidizing or reducing enzymes.

• Drug Half-life (t 1/2): The time for drug plasma concentration to reduce by half.

• Agonist Definition: A drug interacting with a receptor to initiate changes in cell function. -Different from an antagonist which doesn't produce an effect.

• Chemical Antagonism: One active drug reacting with another to create an inactive compound.

  • Does not necessarily refer to a reduction in effect.

• Drug Biotransformation Results: Faster urinary excretion, alteration of plasma protein binding, higher affinity for biological membranes.

• Drug Affecting Liver Microsomal Enzymes: Leads to increase or decrease in drug metabolism.

  • This effects drug excretion and effectiveness.

• Drug Receptor Interaction: (as effect) Pharmacodynamics - different from pharmacokinetics

  • Drug-receptor interaction on cellular, enzymatic, or organ level.

• Bioavailability Definition: The fraction of the administered dose of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation after administration.

• Enzyme Inducers Vs Inhibitors: Substances that speed up/slow down enzyme activity

• Metabolic Transformations (Phase I and II): Describes how the liver transforms drugs. Phase I involves modifying the drug structure, and phase II conjugates the drug with other molecules for easier excretion.

• Terminology: Definitions for terms like agonist, antagonist, drug-drug interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (as examples).

• Clinical scenarios: Examples of drug application related to clinical symptoms/diagnoses.

• Treatment of poisoning/toxicities: Agents effective against various toxic substances or reactions (such as organophosphate poisoning or curare toxicity).

• Drug Interactions

• Drug action

• Drug Mechanism

• Drug properties

• Clinical presentation of conditions

• Drug properties

• Different properties affecting drug action

• How factors affect drug action

• Different terminology associated with drug actions and clinical conditions.