30 Questions
Erik Erikson expanded on Freud's theory of psychosexual development by emphasizing the importance of __________ in parenting practices and motivations.
Culture
Erik Erikson believed that throughout life, we are aware of what motivates us and that the ego plays a significant role in guiding our actions over the Id. Which of the following best describes this belief?
Consciousness and ego guide us
In Erikson's psychosocial theory, how many stages of adult development did he add to Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
Three stages
According to Erikson's theory, during which stage is an infant required to have their basic needs met consistently to develop trust in the world?
Trust vs. Mistrust (0‐1)
In which stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory do preschoolers like to initiate activities and emphasize independence?
Initiative vs. Guilt (3‐5)
Which of the following best describes the concept of Industry vs. Inferiority in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Mastering new tasks and skills competently
Which scientist believed that the survival of the fittest leads to the passing on of superior genes?
Charles Darwin
Which term describes the process that favors individuals more adapted to survive and reproduce within a species?
Natural Selection
Who believed that intelligence is mainly a function of sensory acuity and can be inherited?
Francis Galton
Which concept involves the idea of selective breeding for desired traits in humans?
Eugenics
Which factor did Alphonse de Candolle emphasize as important for intelligence apart from inherited capacity?
Climate
Which type of twins are used in modern studies for comparing behavioral similarities?
Identical twins
What oral activities might an adult engage in to seek comfort and security?
Eating, drinking, smoking, nail-biting
In the Anal Stage according to Freud's Psychosexual Stages, what is the child learning?
Sense of self-control
What might be a characteristic of someone fixated in the Anal Stage due to extremely controlling caregivers?
Extremely neat and clean
What might an adult who is 'anal expulsive' be like according to Freud's theory?
Messy, irresponsible, disorganized
What consequence might arise if a caregiver neglects to teach a child to control urges during the Anal Stage?
'Anal expulsive' behavior
What stage in Freud's Psychosexual Stages is associated with toddlerhood and potty-training?
Anal Stage
According to Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, at what stage do children begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems?
The Formal Operational Stage
Which stage in Piaget's theory involves children realizing that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?
The Sensorimotor Stage
What is a characteristic of the Preoperational Stage in Piaget's theory?
Tending to be egocentric and struggling to see things from the perspective of others
Which stage is associated with the understanding of conservation in Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
The Concrete Operational Stage
During which stage do children realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them?
The Sensorimotor Stage
What is a characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage in Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
Using inductive logic
Which individual popularized the Binet scale by revising it?
Lewis Terman
What was the main flaw in equating 'heritable' with 'inevitable' regarding intelligence differences between groups?
Confusion of within and between-group heredity
Which psychological test was designed for illiterate individuals according to the text?
Army Beta Test
What percentage of white males tested in the army, as reported by Robert Yerkes, had a mental age of 13 or lower?
About half
'No feeble-minded person should ever be allowed to marry or become a parent.' Who advocated for such a position according to the text?
Henry Goddard
'Blacks lack initiative, display little or no leadership, and cannot accept responsibility.' This statement reflects a belief held by which figure mentioned in the text?
Robert Yerkes
Study Notes
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in parenting practices and motivations.
- Believes that throughout life, we are aware of what motivates us and that the ego plays a significant role in guiding our actions over the Id.
- Added three stages of adult development to Freud's theory of psychosexual development.
Stages of Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust: Infant requires consistent meeting of basic needs to develop trust in the world.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Preschoolers initiate activities and emphasize independence.
- Industry vs. Inferiority: Focuses on developing skills and abilities to feel competent.
Other Theories and Concepts
- Charles Darwin believed that the survival of the fittest leads to the passing on of superior genes.
- Natural Selection: The process that favors individuals more adapted to survive and reproduce within a species.
- Francis Galton believed that intelligence is mainly a function of sensory acuity and can be inherited.
- Eugenics: The concept of selective breeding for desired traits in humans.
- Alphonse de Candolle emphasized the importance of education and environmental factors in intelligence apart from inherited capacity.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
- Anal Stage: Child learns to control bodily functions and develops sense of autonomy.
- Fixation in the Anal Stage can lead to characteristics such as obsessive cleanliness or extreme messiness.
- Anal Expulsive individuals may be chaotic and disorganized.
- Neglecting to teach a child to control urges during the Anal Stage can lead to consequences such as shame or low self-esteem.
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
- Formal Operational Stage: Children begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.
- Object Permanence Stage: Children realize that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
- Preoperational Stage: Children begin to use symbols and language, but still have limited understanding of conservation.
- Concrete Operational Stage: Children develop understanding of conservation.
- Sensorimotor Stage: Children realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them.
Intelligence and Testing
- Binet scale was revised and popularized by Lewis Terman.
- Flaw in equating 'heritable' with 'inevitable' regarding intelligence differences between groups: Ignores the role of environmental factors.
- Army Beta Test: Designed for illiterate individuals.
- 13% of white males tested in the army had a mental age of 13 or lower, according to Robert Yerkes.
- Eugenicists such as Charles Davenport advocated for forced sterilization of people with low intelligence.
- Psychologist Robert Yerkes held racist beliefs about Black people's intelligence and abilities.
Test your knowledge on Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which suggests that children progress through four distinct stages of learning. Explore the key concepts behind Piaget's theory and understand how children acquire knowledge and develop intelligence.
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