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Questions and Answers

What is a literal string?

  • A string that requires a constructor for initialization
  • A variable that can be changed
  • A method that formats numbers as strings
  • An anonymous constant object defined in double quotes (correct)

Which statement correctly describes immutability in strings?

  • Strings are mutable and can hold different values over time.
  • All string methods return the original string without any changes.
  • Strings can be modified directly after their creation.
  • Changing a string creates a new string saved in a different memory location. (correct)

What does the escape sequence "\n" represent in a string?

  • A backslash
  • A newline character (correct)
  • A tab character
  • A double quote

How can you create a string in Java without using the String constructor?

<p>String msg = “Text”; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does string immutability provide?

<p>Multiple references can safely point to the same string object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operator is used for concatenating strings in Java?

<ul> <li>(B)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a valid escape sequence in a string?

<p>.join() (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the original string when a new string is created due to a change?

<p>The original string remains unchanged, and a new string is created. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be returned by city.substring(2, 4) if city is 'Boston'?

<p>st (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method should be used to compare two strings for equality?

<p>equals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class provides a method for converting a String into an int?

<p>Integer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding String immutability in Java?

<p>Strings are immutable and cannot be changed once created. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mistake when using String comparisons in Java?

<p>Ignoring case sensitivity with equals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the method charAt(k) return?

<p>The k-th character in the string (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the expression 'strawberry'.substring(2, 5) return?

<p>raw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when substring is called with indices that are out of bounds?

<p>It throws an IndexOutOfBoundsException (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the method indexOf('2', 9) return in the string 'July 5, 2012 1:28:19 PM'?

<p>11 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is equivalent to String result = s1 + s2?

<p>s1.concat(s2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If String s = 'cookies', what will s.substring(7) return?

<p>An empty string (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the method length() return when called on the string 'Flower'?

<p>6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression result += num do?

<p>Converts num to a String and concatenates it with result (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a String when its content is modified in Java?

<p>A new String is created at a different location. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the string method equals() return?

<p>A boolean indicating if two strings are identical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about immutability of Strings in Java is true?

<p>Immutability improves performance by saving memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you include a double quote character in a Java String literal?

<p>By using a backslash before the double quote. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of calling "length".length() in Java?

<p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you declare an empty string in Java?

<p>String empty = &quot;&quot;; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the result of comparing the two strings s2 and s1 using ==?

<p>false, since they are stored in different memory locations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equals method compare between two strings?

<p>The content equality of both strings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about empty strings is true?

<p>An empty string can be created using new String() or simply as an empty literal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of String objects in Java?

<p>They cannot be modified after they are created. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which constructor creates a string from the contents of another string?

<p>String s2 = new String(s1); (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you modify a String in Java?

<p>A new String is created and the old one is discarded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of the following code: String s = "sun"; s = Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(0)) + s.substring(1);?

<p>&quot;Sun&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is using new String() to initialize a String considered less efficient?

<p>It always occupies a new memory location. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of str1 == str2 where str1 and str2 are both initialized with new String("test")?

<p>false (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the method stringParam, what effect does calling msg.toUpperCase() have?

<p>It creates a new String but does not affect 'a'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing two Strings using .equals(), what is being compared?

<p>The contents of the Strings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the immutability of Strings in Java?

<p>Any modification results in a new String being created. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression str3 == str4 evaluate to where both are initialized to "test"?

<p>true (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Literal String

A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes. Strings are immutable, meaning they cannot be changed after creation. They are used to represent text data, like names, addresses, or messages.

Escape Character

A special character that represents another character. Examples include \ for backslash, " for double quote, and \n for newline.

String Concatenation

The process of combining two strings into a single string. In Java, the + operator is used for concatenation.

String Method

A method used to transform a string into a new string, but the original string remains unchanged.

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String Object

An object of the String class that represents a sequence of characters. Strings are immutable, meaning they cannot be changed after creation.

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String Class

The Java class that defines how String objects are created and manipulated. It provides methods for working with string data.

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java.lang Package

Java's built-in package that contains essential classes, including the String class. Classes in this package are automatically available for use.

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String Operator (+)

A built-in operator in Java used to add strings together or to concatenate a string and a variable.

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String in Java

A sequence of characters that represents text. In Java, strings are immutable.

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Comparing Strings in Java

Comparing strings with the == operator checks if they are stored in the same location in memory. The equals() method checks if their contents are equal.

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Empty vs. Null String

An empty string has no characters (length=0), distinct from a null string, which hasn't been assigned a value.

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String Constructors

String Constructors are used to create new String objects. The no-args constructor creates an empty string, and other constructors convert arrays to strings.

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String Methods in Java

String methods in Java don't modify the original String, instead they return a new String with changes applied.

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String (Java)

A sequence of characters that is immutable, meaning it cannot be changed directly once created.

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String Literals

Strings created using string literals ("...") are only allocated new memory spaces if their content is different from other Strings in memory. If the content is the same, a reference to the existing memory space is used.

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String Comparison (==)

The == operator compares the memory addresses of two String objects. If the addresses are the same, the result is true. If the addresses are different, even if the content is identical, the result is false.

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String Comparison (equals())

The equals() method compares the content of two String objects. If the content is identical, the result is true. If the content is different, the result is false.

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String Immutability (Methods)

When you modify a String in a method, you create a new String object with the modified content in a different memory location. The original String remains unchanged.

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String Parameters

When you pass a String to a method, you are actually passing a reference to its memory location. Modifying the String within the method does not change the original String object.

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String Immutability (Efficiency)

Creating a new String object for every small change can consume memory and potentially be inefficient in performance. Consider alternatives like StringBuilder when many modifications are expected.

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What is a String?

A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes. Strings are immutable, meaning they cannot be changed after creation. They are used to represent text data, like names, addresses, or messages.

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How many characters in a string?

The length() method returns the number of characters in a string.

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Get a specific character

The charAt(index) method returns the character at the specified index. Character positions in strings start at 0.

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Extract a part of a string

The substring(start, end) method extracts a portion of a string starting at the specified start index (inclusive) and ending at the specified end index (exclusive).

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Extract a part of a string from the start

The substring(start) method extracts a portion of a string starting at the specified start index (inclusive) and continuing to the end of the string.

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Find the position of a character

The indexOf(character) method returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified character in the string, or -1 if the character is not found.

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Combine two strings

The concat(string) method appends a specified string to the end of the original string.

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Find the last occurrence of a character

The lastIndexOf(character) method returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified character in the string, or -1 if the character is not found.

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Comparing Strings - equals() vs ==

The equals() method is used to compare the content of two strings, while the == operator checks if they refer to the same object in memory. To test if two strings have the same characters in the same order, use equals() or compareTo(), not ==.

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String Immutability

Strings are immutable, meaning their content cannot be changed after creation. When performing operations like concatenation or substring extraction, new String objects are created.

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String indexOf() Method

The indexOf() method helps find the first occurrence of a specific character or substring within a string. It returns the index of the first occurrence, or -1 if not found. You can overload the method to specify a starting position.

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String & Integer Conversion

Converting integers to strings is straightforward using the Integer.toString() method. To convert a string to an integer, use the Integer.parseInt() method of the Integer class.

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Substring End Index Exclusion

Substrings do not include the character at the end index. The substring(beginIndex, endIndex) method extracts a new string from the specified range, excluding the character at endIndex.

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Immutability of Strings

Strings in Java are immutable, meaning they cannot be changed after they are created. Any modification to a string results in a new string being created in memory, while the original string remains untouched.

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String Comparison with compareTo()

The compareTo() method compares two strings lexicographically (based on the Unicode values of their characters). The method returns a negative value if the first string comes before the second, a positive value if the first string comes after the second, and zero if the strings are equal.

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String Comparison with equals()

When you use equals() to compare strings you are checking the content of the string. If the content of two strings is the same then the method returns true otherwise it returns false.

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String length() Method

The length() method returns the number of characters in a string.

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Declaring an Empty String

You can declare an empty string by assigning an empty string literal to a variable. For example, String myString = "";

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Study Notes

String Class Overview

  • The String class in Java represents a sequence of characters.
  • It belongs to the java.lang package, which is built into Java.
  • String objects use a special immutable design, meaning their values can't be changed after creation.
  • Creating a new string through any operation results in a new object in memory.
  • Operates using the + and += operators for concatenation. Unlike most classes, strings have methods that support this operation.
  • Strings are objects that hold a reference to their location in memory.

Literal Strings

  • Literal strings are anonymous, constant String objects defined using double quotes.
  • They don't need to be explicitly constructed; they are available directly.
  • Example: "Hello" is a literal string.

String Constructors

  • The new String() constructor creates a new String object.
  • The simplest way to create a String is to use literal strings. Example: String str = "This is a string";
  • You can also create String by using String str = new String("This is a string");

Immutability

  • String objects are immutable; their values cannot be changed after creation.
  • Any operation that appears to modify a String actually creates a new String object.
  • Immutability provides safety and efficiency because multiple variables can refer to the same String object without affecting each other.

String Methods

  • length(): Returns the number of characters in a string.
  • charAt(index): Returns the character at the specified index.
  • substring(beginIndex, endIndex): Returns a substring of the string, from beginIndex (inclusive) to endIndex (exclusive).
  • substring(beginIndex): Returns a substring from beginIndex to the end of the string.
  • indexOf(str): Finds the first occurrence of a specified string within the string.
  • lastIndexOf(str): Finds the last occurrence of a specified string within the string.
  • equals(otherString): Compares a string to another string; returns true if they are equal lexicographically.
  • compareTo(otherString): Compares two strings lexicographically.
  • toUpperCase() : Converts all characters in a string to uppercase.
  • toLowerCase() : Converts all characters in a string to lowercase.
  • concat(otherString): Concatenates two strings together.

Comparing Strings

  • ==: Checks if two string references point to the same memory location and therefore the same string object.
  • equals(): Checks if the contents of two strings are equal (lexicographically equivalent).
  • compareTo(otherString) Compares two strings lexicographically returning a negative integer, zero, or positive integer if they come before, are equivalent or come after respectively.

Empty Strings

  • An empty string has no characters and its length is 0.

String Parameters

  • Strings are objects that hold references to their locations in memory.
  • When the contents of a String are modified, a new String object is created, and the reference is updated.

Common Mistakes

  • Using == to compare Strings for equality. Use equals() instead
  • Assuming uppercase and lowercase characters are the same for comparisons.
  • Incorrect usage of the String methods such as the substring method.
  • Trying to invoke a method on a null string reference.

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