Pathophysiology Midterm Questions

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Which term best describes a condition that presents with the symptoms of petechiae, easy bruising, bleeding gums, occult hematuria, or retinal hemorrhages?

Thrombocytopenia (correct)
Neutropenia
Leukopenia
Anemia

Von Willebrand disease may present itself by which of the following? (Select all that apply).

Epistaxis (correct)
Ecchymoses (correct)
Prolonged PT
A shortened aPTT
Decreased von Willebrand factor (correct)

Which statement regarding myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is true?

The prognosis is good
They include polycythemia vera
Overproduction of one cell type occurs
Neoplastic cells are functionally abnormal (correct)

A general mechanism noted in thrombocytopenia is which of the following? (Select all that apply).

Decreased platelet production (A), Decreased platelet survival (B), Splenic sequestration (C), Intravascular dilution (D) Signup and view all the answers

Thrombosis in the microcirculation throughout the body is called

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics of allergic purpura lesions include which of the following? (Select all that apply).

Fever and itching (A), Easily palpated lesions (B) Signup and view all the answers

A true statement regarding atherosclerosis is which of the following? (Select all that apply).

Atherosclerosis is a result of medium and large arteries being occluded. (D), Atherosclerosis is the dominant type of arteriosclerosis. (@), Atherosclerosis usually affects the coronary, cerebral, carotid, femoral arteries and the aorta. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific terminology to describe the formation of a blood clot in the vein?

Thrombophlebitis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main causes of edema?

When the adjacent lymphatic system develops an impaired lymphatic flow or when the capillaries themselves become more permeable and leak fluid into the cell (A) Signup and view all the answers

Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia include which of the following (Select all that apply).

Fever (A), Pallor (B), Dyspnea (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following low lab values are indicative of iron deficiency? (Select all that apply)

Low MCHC (A), High hemoglobin levels (C), Low MCH (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does excess bilirubin in the blood detect?

Excessive red blood cell lysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does aplastic anemia lead to?

Pancytopenia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency anemia?

Exposure to drugs (A) Signup and view all the answers

Aplastic anemia leads to pancytopenia.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Aplastic anemia does not lead to pancytopenia.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes pernicious anemia?

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor deficiency (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does aPTT measure?

The time it takes for blood to clot (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does PT/INR measure?

Blood coagulation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Does hemophilia have an altered platelet count?

No, it does not alter platelet count (C) Signup and view all the answers

Identify the conditions that are associated with hemophilia. (Select all that apply)

Prolonged aPTT (B), Normal platelet count (A) Signup and view all the answers

Identify what is associated with Vitamin K deficiency and bleeding.

Normal platelet count (A), Normal bleeding time (C), Increased PT/INR (D), Increased aPTT (@) Signup and view all the answers

Which tests are elevated in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation? (Select all that apply)

PT/INR (A), aPTT (B), D-dimer (C) Signup and view all the answers

A common cause of heart failure is which of the following?

Coronary artery disease (A), Cardiomyopathy (C), Hypertension (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic analysis is used to identify patients with heart failure?

Echocardiogram (D), BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) (A), Chest x-ray film (@) Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with mitral stenosis, cardiac catheterization findings would indicate increased pressure in the

Left atria (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation differentiates myocardial infarction (MI) from angina pectoris?

ST-segment changes on the ECG (C), Elevated serum levels of troponin (D), Radiating chest pain (A) Signup and view all the answers

Systemic blood pressure is determined by which factor(s)?

Stroke Volume (SV) (B), Cardiac Output (CO) (C), Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) (D), Heart Rate (HR) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is pulmonary stenosis?

A narrowing of the pulmonary valve, affecting blood flow from the heart to the lungs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What condition can pulmonary stenosis lead to?

Right ventricular hypertrophy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is stable angina?

A predictable pattern of chest pain that typically occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What causes stable angina?

Coronary artery disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is unstable angina?

A type of chest pain that occurs unpredictably and may not be relieved by rest or medication. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What causes unstable angina?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is acute coronary syndrome?

A condition that results from sudden reduced blood flow to the heart. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What causes acute coronary syndrome?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is evidence that a person is experiencing acute coronary syndrome?

Severe chest pain that may radiate (A), Nausea and vomiting (B), Shortness of breath (C), ECG demonstrating STEMI (D), ECG demonstrating non-STEMI (@), Elevated troponin levels (@) Signup and view all the answers

What are diagnostic tests used to determine acute coronary syndrome? (Select all that apply)

Lactate dehydrogenase serum test (C), Creatine kinase serum test (D), Myoglobin serum test (A) Signup and view all the answers

What infection causes rheumatic heart disease?

Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcal infection (B) Signup and view all the answers

What types of tissue does rheumatic heart disease attack?

Cardiac muscle and connective tissue (C), Connective tissue of the skin and joints (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are symptoms of rheumatic heart disease? (Select all that apply)

Sore throat (A), Fever (B), Trunk rash (C), Involuntary movement (D), Joint pain (@) Signup and view all the answers

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus remains open after birth. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are clinical manifestations of patent ductus arteriosus? (Select all that apply)

Low blood oxygen (D), Continuous 'washing machine' murmur (A), Pulmonary hypertension (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Narrowing of the aorta that can lead to increased blood pressure in the upper body (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is pulmonary atresia?

A heart defect where the pulmonary valve is absent or not formed properly (A), A defect where blood enters the lungs through a septal opening instead of an artery (C) Signup and view all the answers

Aortic atresia is compatible with survival.