30 Questions
What is the systematic way to derive the IUPAC name of a ketone?
Replace the final -e in the alkane name with -one.
What is the product formed by the reaction of a ketone or aldehyde with a primary amine?
An imine.
What is the primary reason for the higher boiling points of ketones and aldehydes?
The polarization of the carbonyl group, resulting in dipole-dipole attractions.
What type of bonding can ketones and aldehydes participate in with other compounds?
Hydrogen bonding with compounds having O-H or N-H bonds.
What is the combination of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl on the same carbon atom called?
A carboxyl group.
What is a characteristic property of compounds containing the carboxyl group?
They are highly acidic.
What is the result of a carboxylic acid donating a proton by heterolytic cleavage of the acidic bond?
A carboxylate ion and a proton
What type of acid has an alkyl group bonded to the carboxyl group?
Aliphatic acid
Why do carboxylic acids boil at higher temperatures than alcohols, ketones, or aldehydes of similar molecular weights?
Due to the formation of a stable, hydrogen-bonded dimer
What is formed when a carboxylic acid dissociates in water?
A proton and a carboxylate ion
What is the combination of a carboxylate ion and a cation?
A salt of a carboxylic acid
What properties do carboxylic acid salts have compared to the acids?
Enhanced solubility in water and less odor
What is the shape of the ammonia molecule according to its hybridization?
Tetrahedral
What is the characteristic of a quaternary ammonium salt?
A nitrogen atom with a positive charge
What type of bonds are present in primary and secondary amines?
C-H and N-H bonds
Why are amines strongly polar?
Due to the large dipole moment of the lone pair of electrons
What is a characteristic of an amine as a nucleophile?
It forms a bond with an electrophile using its lone pair of electrons
Why can tertiary amines not engage in hydrogen bonding?
Because they have no N-H bonds
What is the major difference between carboxylic acid salts and carboxylic acids?
Their ability to convert back to carboxylic acids upon addition of mineral acid
What is the most commercially important aliphatic acid?
Acetic acid
What is the product formed when an acid reacts with an amine?
An ammonium carboxylate salt
What is the characteristic feature of the cyano group (-C N) in nitriles?
A linear R-C N bond angle
Why are nitriles classified as acid derivatives?
Because they hydrolyze to give carboxylic acids
What is the result of heating an ammonium carboxylate salt formed from an acid and an amine?
Formation of an amide
What is the reason for the reduced basicity of arylamines compared to simple aliphatic amines?
Resonance delocalization of the nonbonding electrons
What is the primary advantage of using amine salts instead of the parent amines in pharmaceutical applications?
Improved stability against oxidation
Why are amines often converted to their salts for storage?
To prevent oxidation in contact with air
What is the term for the process by which amines react with a proton to form an ammonium ion?
Protonation
What is a common side reaction that can occur during amine syntheses?
Oxidation
What is a characteristic of amine salts that makes them more suitable for pharmaceutical applications compared to parent amines?
They are more soluble in water
Learn about the systematic naming of ketones and aldehydes using the IUPAC nomenclature system, including the rules for deriving names and their physical properties.
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