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Questions and Answers
What does the revolutionary tricolour flag in Fig. 1 represent?
What is the significance of the flag carried by the German people in Fig. 1?
What is the purpose of the image in Fig. 1?
What is the name of the philosopher who delivered a lecture on 'What is a Nation?' in 1882?
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What is the significance of the year 1848 in the context of Fig. 1?
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What is the main theme of the image in Fig. 1?
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What is the significance of the statue of Liberty in Fig. 1?
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What is the name of the university where Ernst Renan delivered his lecture in 1882?
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What is the main idea behind Ernst Renan's lecture on 'What is a Nation?'?
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What is the tone of the image in Fig. 1?
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Study Notes
The Personification of Nations
- Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries personified nations, representing countries as if they were people.
- Nations were often portrayed as female figures, which did not represent any particular woman in real life, but rather gave a concrete form to the abstract idea of a nation.
Allegory and Symbols
- The female figure became an allegory of the nation, using specific objects or symbols to represent ideas such as Liberty, Justice, and the Republic.
- The attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
National Identity
- Ernst Renan, a French philosopher, wrote an essay "What is a Nation?" in 1882, criticizing the notion that a nation is formed by a common language, race, religion, or territory.
- Renan believed that a nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice, and devotion, and that a heroic past is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea.
Depictions of Nations
- In Fig. 16, Marianne represents the Republic of France on postage stamps of 1850.
- In Fig. 1, France is identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, while the German peoples are shown bearing the black, red, and gold flag, which was an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state.
Utopian Vision
- The print in Fig. 1 depicts a utopian vision, with the procession of nations led by the United States and Switzerland, already nation-states, and followed by the peoples of Germany, France, and others.
- Christ, saints, and angels gaze upon the scene from above, symbolizing fraternity among the nations of the world.
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