Roman Civilization Overview

Justinian, a Byzantine emperor, aimed to restore the power of the Roman Empire.

A compilation of Roman laws, created by legal experts under Justinian's order.

A significant Byzantine church, notable for its dome-shaped roof.

Internal problems like political instability, weakened economy, increased taxes, shrinking population, and barbarian invasions eventually led to the fall of Rome.

An early civilization in Crete, known for their palaces, frescoes, and bull-leaping rituals.

Knossos was the main city in the Minoan civilization.

The mountainous terrain of Greece resulted in independent city-states.

A powerful civilization in ancient Greece, composed of families with their own areas of control.

The Roman name for the Mediterranean Sea, meaning "our sea"

Large estates owned by wealthy Romans

The Roman Republic weakened due to wealth inequality, corruption, and large landholdings (latifundia).

Roman reformers who proposed land reforms to help the poor

Military conflict between different factions within Rome, ultimately leading to the rise of Sulla.

Sulla declared himself dictator

Political alliance of three powerful men (Pompey, Crassus, Caesar)

A Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the fall of the Republic.

Political alliance formed between Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian.

The Eastern Roman Empire, continuing Roman traditions after the Western Empire's fall.

The governing body of Rome, composed of 300 Patricians.

Elite Roman citizens who owned large estates and held power in government.

Common Roman citizens, including workers, farmers, and traders, with limited rights in government.

Rome's first written legal code, displayed publicly in the Forum.

A large military unit in the Roman army, divided into smaller units called centuries.

A series of wars between Rome and Carthage, resulting in Roman dominance.

Carthaginian general who led an army into Italy during the Second Punic War.

Roman general who defeated Hannibal in the Second Punic War.

Powerful ancient city-state in North Africa, defeated by Rome.

Rome's gradual territorial conquest of neighboring lands in the Italian Peninsula and beyond.

The Italian Peninsula resembles a boot, with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east.

According to Roman mythology, twins Romulus and Remus, born from Rhea Silvia and the god Mars, founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf.

The Roman Republic was a form of government where citizens elected their leaders through voting.

Two consuls served as the leaders of the Roman Republic, responsible for judicial duties, heading the army, and managing finances.

A Roman dictator was appointed for a temporary period of six months, holding supreme power to address crises, including law-making and military leadership.

An alliance formed by the Greeks, primarily led by Athens, to unite against the Persian Empire after the Persian Wars.

A period of prosperity and artistic flourishing in Athens under the leadership of Pericles, marked by advancements in architecture, philosophy, drama, and democracy.

A military alliance led by Sparta, formed to counter the growing power of the Athenian-led Delian League.

The era after Alexander the Great's conquests, marked by the blending of Greek and Asian cultures, philosophical advancements, and the spread of Greek language and ideas.

Alexander's conquests led to the spread of Greek culture across a vast empire, influencing art, philosophy, and political systems. He also played a significant role in the rise of the Hellenistic Period.

The king of the Greek gods, representing power, authority, and the sky.

The queen of the Greek gods and goddess of marriage and women, known for her jealousy and power.

Greek god of music, poetry, light, and knowledge, known for his beauty and intelligence.

The goddess of wisdom, war, crafts, and justice, known for her intelligence and strategic skills.

Greek literature is known for its epic poems, tragedies, and comedies. The Iliad and Odyssey, attributed to Homer, are renowned examples of epic poetry.