Italian and German Unification Overview

<p>Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inspired non-Germans within to rise up and unify. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The surrender of Paris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recall the garrison in Rome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>France ceded territory to Prussia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to increased nationalism within the empire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It declared equality among all nationalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It caused resentment in Naples and Sicily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It undermined the political stability of the nation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It created a dual monarchy structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Garibaldi would seize Rome from the Pope. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By securing British and French support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment of the Kingdom of Italy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>France withdrawing due to diplomatic tensions with Cavour. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By conceding Nice to France. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pursuit of realpolitik through contradictory policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He feared losing political control over the papal states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Realpolitik. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To return Germany to the status quo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic development coupled with political repression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achieved direct tax legislation bypassing Parliament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harmonizing strategies for suppressing liberal uprisings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disputes over Schleswig-Holstein territory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chose not to humiliate Austria and spared Vienna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agreement that ended the Austria-Prussian War (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He aimed to unify German states under Prussian control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Publishing false information to incite hostility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The candidacy of Prince Leopold for the Spanish throne (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solidification of Prussia's dominance within Germany (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflicts over land in the East (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As key players due to their education and energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Britain and France (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain political repression and control dissent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was the most important and decisive battle of the war. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the North German Confederation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their rail technology was superior to that of Russia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It formalized British dominance in Europe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Russian attempts to protect Orthodox Christians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He initiated a period of modernization across Russia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He claimed authority over the Palestinian Christians. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was used to supply the Allied forces with resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To withdraw its troops from Romania. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Russian serfs lacked motivation to fight in the war, potentially contributing to Russia's losses. Their liberation was desired to increase their incentive to fight for Russia.

Alexander II's plan to liberate Russian serfs faced opposition from landlords, hindering its success. The serfs ended up having to repay the land value to the landlords.

Giuseppe Garibaldi was a key figure in the Italian unification movement and was known for his popularity with the common Italians.

German unification significantly impacted European power dynamics with Germany becoming a strong industrial and economic power in Europe.

Austria's power was reduced by the rise of German nationalism and nationalist movements in its non-German territories, along with loss of Lombardy and Venicia to Italy.

The process of uniting various Italian states into a single nation.

Politics based on practical considerations rather than ideology.

King of Piedmont-Sardinia, played a key role in Italian unification.

A key figure in Italian unification who cultivated foreign support and pursued practical politics.

War between France and Austria, with Cavour on the French side.

Prussian politician, known for military strategy and Realpolitik.

A vote to unify several Italian states. (Sicily, Rome, etc.).

The unified Italian state formed in 1861, led by King Vittorio Emanuele II.

A conflict triggered by the waning Ottoman Empire, Russian expansionism, and clashing Christian interests in the region.

The protracted weakening of the Ottoman Empire, creating opportunities and tensions for other powers.

Russia's desire to expand its territory and influence, especially into the Ottoman Empire.

Disputes over religious authority and influence in the region, especially surrounding Jerusalem.

The prolonged battle for the Crimean city, considered a critical turning point in the war.

The Crimean War highlighted the difference in military technology between Russia and Western powers, especially Britain and France.

The peace agreement ending the Crimean War, resulting in Russian losses and adjustments in the region leading to a shift in balance of power.

Russia ultimately lost the Crimean War, leading to crucial consequences for the future of Russia, including reforms

The Crimean War solidified Britain's position as the dominant European power following Russian losses.

Following the defeat, Russia initiated significant reforms in response to the military and social weaknesses exposed by the Crimean War.

The Franco-Prussian War significantly altered the European power balance, leading to German unification and French losses.

This treaty concluded the Franco-Prussian War, imposing harsh conditions on France, including territorial concessions and massive reparations.

Rome became the capital of Italy in 1870, following the Franco-Prussian War and the withdrawal of French troops from Rome.

The dual monarchy established in 1867, merging the Austrian Empire and Hungarian lands under one emperor. This was a response to internal tensions.

The agreement granting Hungary near-sovereignty within the Austro-Hungarian empire, leading to demands for similar treatment from other nationalities.

Nationalism within the Austro-Hungarian Empire caused unrest and desires for independence amongst non-German/Hungarian groups.

Unification of Italy experienced internal difficulties and resentment in southern regions due to free trade policies.

The Prussian War affected Austria significantly, leading to the loss of territory and contributing to internal political and territorial challenges.

A combination of economic advancement (industrialization, welfare) and political control to maintain conservative power and loyalty to Prussia.

Bismarck was instrumental in uniting Germany, but needed popular support and played a clever political game to achieve his aims.

Conflict between the Prussian Parliament and Wilhelm I over funding of a professional army.

Bismarck allied with Russia, closing Polish borders to help quell Polish rebellion and creating a counterbalance to France-Austria relations.

A territorial conflict between Prussia and Austria over Danish territories.

War between Prussia and Austria, culminating in Prussia's victory and asserting dominance in German unification.

The new German state formed after the Prussian-Austrian war, establishing Prussian dominance over much of Germany.

War instigated by Bismarck's strategy to use the Hohenzollern candidacy to the Spanish throne to provoke France.

Prussia's decisive victory over France, significantly strengthening Prussia's role in German unification.

Bismarck's strategic use of alliances, economic development, and political manipulations to achieve Prussian goals of dominance in Germany.

The middle class played a key role in Bismarck's plans; they were considered more economically and politically active than the elites.

Prussia modernized its military, developing a strong and superior army through technological and logistical strategies.

Napoleon's attempts to counterbalance Prussian expansion through alliances and treaties.

Bismarck's careful preparation before conflict, ensuring Prussia had allies and was ready for war.

Improvements and advantages from strong railway networks and telegraph systems for a fast and efficient command.