Isoelectric Focusing in Protein Analysis

What is the primary purpose of chromatofocusing in protein separation?

To alter the pH of the buffer
To analyze the yield of proteins
To determine the isoelectric point of a protein
To separate single proteins from complex mixtures (correct)

What is the role of the pH gradient in isoelectric focusing?

To establish a uniform pH across the gel
To separate proteins based on their molecular weight
To bind proteins to the column
To allow proteins to migrate until they reach their isoelectric point (correct)

What is the primary advantage of using 2D gel electrophoresis in protein separation?

It combines the principles of SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing (correct)
It requires less sample preparation
It is a more efficient method of protein separation
It allows for the separation of single proteins from complex mixtures

What is the purpose of desalting in post-chromatography processing?

To remove impurities from the protein sample (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between native proteins and recombinant proteins?

Native proteins are the natural form of proteins, while recombinant proteins are manipulated forms of native proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the expression plasmid vector in recombinant protein generation?

To clone the coding sequence for the protein of interest (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of FPLC in chromatofocusing?

To elute bound proteins by altering the pH of the buffer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of Chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry?

Drug Discovery and Development (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fluorescence spectroscopy in qualitative analysis?

To compare the spectra of fluorescent substances with standard solutions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to determine the concentration of a substance using UV-visible spectrophotometry?

A = ε·c·l (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifetime of an electron in the excited state in fluorescence spectroscopy?

10-5 – 10-8 s (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of emission spectroscopy that involves the emission of a photon from the singlet excited state to the singlet ground state?

Fluorescence (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chromatography in the food and beverage industry?

Product Development and Quality Control (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of chromatography in environmental monitoring?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of spectroscopy that studies the properties of matter through its interaction with different frequency components of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Spectroscopy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using thicker films of SP in GC columns?

Increased sensitivity for trace analysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to select a stationary phase in GC?

Select a stationary phase that provides best selectivity for analytes of interest (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term 'trace analysis' generally used to describe?

A measurement below one ppm (µg/g) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of optimizing the flow rate of the carrier gas in GC?

To improve the resolution of the analysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using temperature programming in GC?

To improve the separation of volatile compounds (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a supercritical fluid?

It behaves like a gas and a liquid (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of SFC over HPLC?

SFC is more suitable for highly polar samples (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most ideal mobile phase in SFC?

Carbon dioxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of functionalisation in Phase 2 reactions?

To attach a substituent group to the hydroxyl group (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is involved in the conjugation of substances in the liver?

Mixed-Function Oxidase reaction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring?

To measure the concentration of a drug in the body (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of what the body does to the drug?

Pharmacokinetics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of substances from the plasma to the bile?

Biliary excretion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the volume of plasma containing the amount of substance that is removed from the body by the kidneys in unit time?

Renal clearance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which one drug can affect the rate of renal excretion of another?

Drug interaction (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the range of dosage between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration and the minimum toxic concentration?

Therapeutic window (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of 2D electrophoresis?

To achieve high-resolution separation of proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does capillary sequencing rely on for detecting DNA fragments?

Laser excitation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic has a higher value in capillary sequencing compared to PAGE gel electrophoresis?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of drug metabolism involves catabolic reactions?

Phase 1 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What process mainly occurs in the liver and involves converting chemicals to more polar metabolites?

Metabolism (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the most important oxidation reactions in drug metabolism?

Cytochrome P450 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the first pass effect primarily occur?

In the gastrointestinal tract and liver (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Phase 1 reactions in metabolism?

To introduce a reactive group (B) Signup and view all the answers