Islamic History: Early Years (610-632 CE)

Islamic History

Early Years (610-632 CE)

• The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) received revelations from Allah (God) through the angel Gabriel in 610 CE
• Initially, Muhammad preached to his family and close friends, including his wife Khadija
• In 613 CE, Muhammad began to publicly preach Islam in Mecca
• Persecution of Muslims by the Quraysh tribe led to the migration of Muslims to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 615 CE
• The Hijra (migration) to Medina in 622 CE marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar

The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (632-661 CE)

• Abu Bakr (632-634 CE): First caliph, known for his role in compiling the Quran
• Umar ibn Al-Khattab (634-644 CE): Second caliph, expanded the Islamic empire through conquests
• Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 CE): Third caliph, oversaw the standardization of the Quran
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 CE): Fourth caliph, cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad

The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE)

• Established by Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad
• Capital was moved from Medina to Damascus
• Period of rapid expansion, including the conquest of Spain and North Africa

The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE)

• Established by Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah, who led a revolution against the Umayyads
• Capital was moved from Damascus to Baghdad
• Golden Age of Islamic civilization, marked by significant scientific, cultural, and philosophical achievements

The Ottoman Empire (1299-1924 CE)

• Founded by Osman Bey, a Turkish tribal leader
• Expanded into Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa
• Became a major world power, known for its administrative and military systems

Islamic Revival and Modernization (18th-20th centuries)

• Wahhabi movement: Founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, emphasized the purity of Islam and the importance of the Quran and Hadith
• Islamic modernism: Emerged in response to Western colonialism, emphasized the need for Islamic reform and adaptation to modernity

Islamic History

Early Years (610-632 CE)

• Prophet Muhammad received revelations from Allah through angel Gabriel in 610 CE
• Initially preached to family and close friends, including wife Khadija
• Publicly preached Islam in Mecca from 613 CE
• Persecution by Quraysh tribe led to migration of Muslims to Abyssinia in 615 CE
• Hijra to Medina in 622 CE marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar

The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (632-661 CE)

• Abu Bakr (632-634 CE): First caliph, compiled the Quran
• Umar ibn Al-Khattab (634-644 CE): Second caliph, expanded the Islamic empire through conquests
• Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 CE): Third caliph, standardized the Quran
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 CE): Fourth caliph, cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad

The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE)

• Established by Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad
• Capital moved from Medina to Damascus
• Period of rapid expansion, including conquest of Spain and North Africa

The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE)

• Established by Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah, who led a revolution against the Umayyads
• Capital moved from Damascus to Baghdad
• Golden Age of Islamic civilization, marked by significant scientific, cultural, and philosophical achievements

The Ottoman Empire (1299-1924 CE)

• Founded by Osman Bey, a Turkish tribal leader
• Expanded into Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa
• Became a major world power, known for its administrative and military systems

Islamic Revival and Modernization (18th-20th centuries)

• Wahhabi movement: Emphasized the purity of Islam and the importance of the Quran and Hadith
• Islamic modernism: Emerged in response to Western colonialism, emphasized the need for Islamic reform and adaptation to modernity