Ischaemic Heart Disease and Arrhythmias Quiz

Atherosclerosis, blood clot, coronary artery spasm

Unknown

Stable angina occurs during exertion, while unstable angina can occur at rest with no pathological ECG changes or biomarker changes

Unknown

Unknown

Supraventricular tachycardia is a type of arrhythmia that originates above the bundle of His. It is characterized by a fast heart rate and usually has narrow complexes.

The treatment for atrial fibrillation can either focus on converting the heart rhythm to normal or controlling the ventricular rate.

Mobitz Type 1 AV block is characterized by a progressive prolongation of the PR interval followed by a dropped beat and reset. Mobitz Type 2 AV block, on the other hand, has a fixed ratio and is more likely to be problematic.

Long QTc can be related to certain medications mixed with electrolyte imbalance. Torsades de pointes is a specific type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that can be treated with intravenous magnesium.

Pulseless VT is treated as cardiac arrest and requires immediate intervention and resuscitation.

Echocardiography is the use of ultrasound to examine the heart.

Echocardiography has been one of the most dramatic revolutions in the field of cardiology in the last 100 years.

Echocardiography plays a role in Point of Care Ultrasound, particularly in the settings of anaesthesia, resuscitation, and paediatric cardiology.

The m-mode is designed to document and analyze tissue motion.

Basic echo in the resuscitation setting aims to answer focused clinical yes/no questions.

Cardiovascular complications of Marfan's Syndrome include dilatation of ascending and sometimes descending aorta, incompetence of aortic and mitral valves, aneurysm and dissection of aorta.

The detailed cardiac structural and functional information that echocardiography provides, coupled with its portability and lack of ionizing radiation, has established this imaging modality as a critical tool in the care of patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease.

Advantages of echocardiography include providing meticulous facts on cardiac structure and function, including the size and shape of cardiac chambers, the morphology of cardiac valves, and systolic and diastolic function. It also provides information on intra-cardiac hemodynamics. Disadvantages of echocardiography include the dependence on ultrasound waves, which may have limitations in penetrating deeply into tissues, and the need for skilled operators to interpret the images.

The different types of transducers/probes used in echocardiography are linear-array transducers, curved-array transducers, and phased-array transducers. Linear-array transducers produce images with a flat superficial surface, curved-array transducers produce images with a curved superficial surface, and phased-array transducers produce sector images by steering sound beams at varying angles.

The manipulation maneuvers for ultrasound probe during echocardiography are Pressure, Alignment (movement), Rotation, and Tilting (fanning), also known as PART.

Medicine is not available in another form, Cannot tolerate medication by another route, Constant or high blood level of medicine is needed, A rapid onset of effect is needed, Some medications are more effective via IV, Rarely, to ensure compliance

Increased cost and time to administer the medicine, Requires trained staff to administer (plus location), Rapid onset of action, Volume of fluid needed to dilute the medicine, Can cause discomfort/pain to the patient, Health risks (e.g. infection), When the oral route can be used, it should be used

Peripheral venous catheters, Central venous catheters (CVCs) - Peripherally inserted CVCs - Skin-tunneled CVCs

Infection, Phlebitis, Extravasation, Air embolism, Catheter-related bloodstream infection, Thrombosis

Clearance, Volume of distribution, Half-life, Bioavailability

Complications of IV drug administration include fear/phobia/pain, infection/sepsis, thrombophlebitis, extravasation/infiltration, emboli, anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity, overdose, and visual infusion phlebitis score.

The incidence of Red Man Syndrome can be reduced by slowing the infusion rate and using a more dilute drug solution.

Factors that affect the stability of medicines in solution include light, temperature, concentration, and pH.

Bioavailability is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation. IV injection gives 100% bioavailability.

Clearance is defined as the volume of blood or plasma cleared of drug in a unit time. During IV infusion, the plasma drug concentration increases until the rate of input equals the rate of output, reaching a steady state concentration.

Medicine is available in another form, medication cannot be tolerated by another route, constant or high blood level of medicine is not needed, a rapid onset of effect is not needed, medications are not more effective via IV, and the oral route can be used.

Increased cost and time to administer the medicine, requires trained staff to administer, rapid onset of action, volume of fluid needed to dilute the medicine, discomfort/pain to the patient, and health risks such as infection.

Peripheral venous catheters and central venous catheters (including peripherally inserted CVCs and skin-tunneled CVCs).

Medicine is not available in another form, medication cannot be tolerated by another route, constant or high blood level of medicine is needed, a rapid onset of effect is needed, some medications are more effective via IV, and to ensure compliance.

Ensure medicine is not available in another form, medication cannot be tolerated by another route, constant or high blood level of medicine is needed, a rapid onset of effect is needed, some medications are more effective via IV, and to ensure compliance.

Fear / Phobia / Pain, Infection / Sepsis, Thrombophlebitis, Extravasation / Infiltration, Emboli, Anaphylaxis / Hypersensitivity, Overdose, Visual infusion phlebitis score (1-5), Red man syndrome

The graph of plasma concentration against time would be a straight line if the drug is infused at a constant rate and no drug is removed from the body. However, if the drug is being eliminated from the body as soon as it is in the circulation, the graph will bend towards a plateau when the rate of drug in equals the rate of drug out.

Clearance (CL) is defined as the volume of blood or plasma cleared of drug in a unit time.

Light, Temperature, Concentration, pH, Interaction with the syringe/bag

Hickman and Broviac lines, Arterial catheters, Syringes, bags, pumps and drivers