Molecular Genetic Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?

Haploid cells carry one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells carry two sets of each chromosome

What type of bond is the strongest?

Covalent

What is the definition of a haploid cell?

A cell carrying one set of chromosomes

What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?

To cut DNA at specific locations Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when two molecules have a positive and negative end?

Ionic Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?

To cut DNA molecules Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between two amino acids?

Peptide Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sticky and blunt ends?

Sticky ends are used to join DNA molecules, while blunt ends are used to cut DNA molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sticky and blunt ends?

Sticky ends contain an ORI site Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is DNA composed of?

Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of PCR?

To amplify DNA molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of complementation analysis?

To determine if two mutations affect different genes Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is expressed in a heterozygote?

Dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of PCR?

To make more copies of DNA molecules Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is RNA composed of?

Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a missense mutation and a mutation in the promoter region?

A missense mutation changes one amino acid in the protein, while a mutation in the promoter region affects how much protein is produced Signup and view all the answers

What is complementation analysis used for?

To determine if two mutations affect different genes Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is a triglyceride?

Lipid Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Southern blotting?

To identify a specific DNA sequence in a sample Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when two substances react to form a new substance?

Condensation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of automated sequencing?

To determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Southern blotting and Northern blotting?

Southern blotting is used to separate DNA molecules of different lengths, while Northern blotting is used to check for a specific DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is unlikely to affect protein?

Silent Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the pH scale?

0 - 14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of genomics?

To sequence large portions of a genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of automated sequencing?

To determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA Signup and view all the answers

What does a large Kd value correspond to?

Low affinity of a ligand to another molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between hybridization and gel electrophoresis?

Hybridization is used to identify DNA sequences, while gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA molecules of different lengths. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is at equilibrium when the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal?

Steady state Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between silent mutations and mutations that affect protein?

Silent mutations rarely result in changes to the nucleotide sequence of the DNA, while mutations that affect protein usually result in changes to the nucleotide sequence of the DNA Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genetic ID strategies involve determining an individual's genotype, phenotype, and mutation.
Alleles are alternative forms or variants of a gene, and genotype is the particular set of alleles for all the genes carried by an individual.
Phenotype is the physical attribute or trait of an individual that is the consequence of a given genotype.
Mutation is heritable change to the DNA, and Mutagen is the agent that can cause a mutation.
Wild type is typically the most common, non-mutant allele.
Haploid is cells carrying 1 set of chromosomes, diploid is cells carrying 2 sets of each chromosome, and heterozygous is diploid organism possessing 2 different alleles at a locus.
Dominant is allele whose phenotype is expressed in a heterozygote, recessive is allele that is not expressed in a heterozygote, and segregation of dominant mutation and recessive mutation occurs.
Conditional mutations are phenotypes of the mutation that are expressed in particular environmental conditions.
Complementation analysis is when 2 organisms with similar mutant phenotypes are mated and if complementation occurs, wildtype offspring are obtained and the mutations are known to affect 2 different genes.
Recombinant DNA Technology is any DNA molecule composed of sequences derived from different sources.
Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors of DNA that can cut at specific locations.
Restriction enzymes are enzymes that are used to cut DNA.
Type II restriction enzymes are enzymes that recognize dsDNA and cut within the recognition site.
They commonly recognize short DNA sequences that are palindromes.
Sticky vs. blunt ends: Plasmid vectors must have an ORI site and a selective marker, and an insertion region that contains multiple restriction sites.
Complementary ends base pair and DNA ligase joins fragments.
DNA cloning in a plasmid vector: amplification of a DNA fragment.
Complementary DNA lacks introns.
Identifying sequences of interest: hybridization to probes.
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules of different lengths.
DiDeoxy sequencing is a method to determine nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Every time the DNA polymerase inserts a dideoxynt to the growing strand, replication halts.
The sequencing process yields a solution containing many DNA fragments, all of which differ in length by one nucleotide.
The fragments are separated on a gel and visualized using Southern blotting or some other technique.
The sequence of one strand is determined from the shortest to the longest fragments.
Automated sequencing is becoming more popular, while manual sequencing is still used in many labs.
PCR is used to make more copies of DNA molecules.
Southern blotting is a technique used to check for and visualize the presence of a specific DNA sequence in a DNA sample.
Other visualization techniques include Northern blotting and Western blotting.
Genomics refers to the large scale sequencing of genomes.
Silent mutations are unlikely to affect protein because they rarely result in changes to the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.
Most mutations that do affect protein are either missense mutations, which change one amino acid in the protein, or mutations in the promoter region of the gene, which can affect how much protein is produced.
Mutations that do not affect protein are called silent mutations.