Questions and Answers
What is the primary nursing intervention when handling bleeding sites?
Which of the following methods should be used to administer medications in patients with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?
What serious condition may develop due to diffuse fibrin deposition and clotting factors depletion?
What is often a critical assessment finding in a patient with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?
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Which of the following laboratory findings would likely indicate Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?
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What is the primary goal of medical management for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?
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Which of the following treatments for DIC is considered somewhat controversial?
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What could be a possible outcome of prolonged bleeding from skin breaks in patients with DIC?
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What is the therapeutic dosage range for oral iron supplements?
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Which of the following helps to enhance the absorption of iron supplements?
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What should be done to mitigate tooth staining from iron supplements?
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Which injection technique is recommended for administering parenteral iron?
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Which food is particularly high in iron?
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A common complication of oral iron supplementation is:
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What condition is caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor?
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A significant diagnostic test for pernicious anemia involves the administration of:
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Which symptom is most associated with pernicious anemia?
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What is an expected outcome when administering iron supplements?
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What is a primary characteristic of a fusiform aneurysm?
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Which diuretic is preferred for hypertensive patients with asthma?
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What is a common side effect of thiazide diuretics that must be monitored?
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Which class of medication is primarily used in hypertensive patients with ischemic heart disease?
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How do calcium channel blockers help to lower blood pressure?
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What is the anatomical site where aneurysms most commonly occur?
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What happens to the artery layers during the formation of an aneurysm?
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What effect do loop diuretics have on the kidneys?
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What is the most common cause of all aneurysms?
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Which assessment finding is commonly associated with a rupturing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?
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What is the standard diagnostic tool used to determine the size and location of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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What is the primary goal of nonsurgical management for an aneurysm?
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Which symptom is characteristic of intermittent claudication in patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease?
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Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for Peripheral Arterial Disease?
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What does a loss of hair and dry skin on the lower extremities indicate in a patient with Peripheral Arterial Disease?
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Which imaging technique is least commonly performed today for assessing Peripheral Arterial Disease due to its associated risks?
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What is a non-invasive method for assessing Peripheral Arterial Disease using a Doppler probe?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of hypovolemic shock associated with a ruptured AAA?
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What is the primary consequence of cobalamin absorption issues in Pernicious anemia?
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What role does intrinsic factor play in vitamin B12 absorption?
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Which food sources are recommended for someone managing Pernicious anemia?
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What is a significant manifestation of Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia (FADA) that differentiates it from Vitamin B12 deficiency?
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What are the three main causes of Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia?
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Which of the following symptoms is not typically associated with Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia?
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What does the Schilling test help to differentiate?
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What condition is characterized by a deficiency of circulating red blood cells and also involves leukopenia and thrombocytopenia?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of aplastic anemia?
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What is the recommended medical management for Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia?
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Study Notes
Iron Supplements
- Oral iron supplements, such as Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4), are used for mild iron losses.
- Prophylactic dosage: 300-325 mg.
- Therapeutic dosage: 600-1200 mg daily, divided into doses.
- Take iron supplements with meals to minimize gastrointestinal upset; consuming with vitamin C enhances absorption.
- Use of a straw for elixir preparations can prevent dental staining.
- Iron ingestion may cause dark green or black stool and can lead to constipation.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Nursing Management:
- Parenteral iron is necessary for those intolerant to oral preparations or patients with severe anemia.
- Use separate needles for withdrawal and administration to reduce tissue irritation.
- Employ Z-track injection technique to prevent leakage into tissues.
- Encourage ambulation to enhance iron absorption; avoid excessive exercise and tight clothing.
- Dietary education should focus on iron-rich foods: liver, red meat, organ meats, kidney beans, whole grains, leafy greens, carrots, egg yolks, and raisins.
- Promote fiber and hydration to alleviate constipation when using oral iron.
Pernicious Anemia
- Results from a deficiency of intrinsic factor, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption.
- Vitamin B12 is crucial for erythrocyte maturation; its absence leads to megaloblastic cells and neuropathy.
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Assessment Findings:
- Common in the elderly and individuals with gastric surgery history.
- Symptoms include glossitis, pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, and severe cases may show jaundice and neurological symptoms.
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Diagnostic Findings:
- History, blood studies, and Schilling test determine intrinsic factor deficiency.
- Microscopic exam may reveal large, immature erythrocytes.
Medical Management of Pernicious Anemia
- Vitamin B12 is administered intramuscularly weekly initially and monthly for maintenance.
- Nutritional management includes a diet rich in vitamin B12 (liver, organ meats, beans, leafy greens, citrus).
- Avoid rough foods if stomatitis is present; provide soft medical care.
- Safety education is crucial for ambulation and teaching lifelong vitamin therapy importance.
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
- Caused by insufficient folic acid, leading to megaloblastic anemia without neurologic symptoms.
- Causes: Poor nutrition, malabsorption diseases (like Crohn's), chronic alcohol use, and certain medications (e.g., anticonvulsants).
- Assessment Findings: Symptoms mirror vitamin B12 deficiency but lack nervous system involvement.
- Management: Requires folic acid supplements and a balanced diet rich in folic acid.
Aplastic Anemia
- Characterized by a reduction in red blood cells, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia leading to pancytopenia.
- Causes: Bone marrow failure, toxic agent exposure, radiation, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and idiopathic cases.
- Nursing interventions include bleeding precautions, pressure application at bleeding sites, and avoiding bruising.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Condition defined by widespread coagulation and subsequent clotting factor depletion, causing multi-organ hemorrhage.
- Assessment Findings: Petechiae, prolonged bleeding, oliguria, and severe hemorrhage during procedures emerge as key indicators.
- Laboratory findings: Prolonged PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, and depressed factor assays.
- Management: Focus on controlling underlying causes, transfusions of blood components, and potential heparin administration.
Hypertension
- Managed with a variety of drug therapies including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and beta-blockers.
- Diuretics, especially thiazide and potassium-sparing types, are commonly prescribed for hypertension management.
Aneurysm
- Defined as a permanent dilation of an artery, most commonly occurring in the abdominal aorta.
- Types: Fusiform (diffuse dilation) and saccular (localized outpouching).
- Atherosclerosis is the principal cause, with hypertension and smoking as contributing factors.
- Assessment Findings: Often asymptomatic until rupture; patients may experience gnawing pain with hypotension in severe cases.
- Diagnostic Assessment: Confirmation via CT scans is standard, with ultrasound as a non-invasive alternative.
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
- Encompasses disorders that disrupt blood flow through peripheral arteries and veins, primarily affecting lower extremities.
- Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) results from arterial occlusion leading to ischemia.
- Classification: Inflow obstruction (upstream aorta and iliac arteries) vs. outflow obstruction (femoral to tibial arteries).
- Risk Factors: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and obesity.
- Assessment: Patients report intermittent claudication, coldness, diminished pulses, and ulcer formation may occur.
- Radiographic assessment: Segmental systolic BP and arteriography, though the latter carries risks and is less frequently used today.
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Description
This quiz covers the essentials of managing iron deficiency anemia, focusing on oral iron supplements and prophylactic versus therapeutic dosages. Learn about the importance of dietary considerations, administration techniques, and potential side effects. Perfect for nursing students and healthcare professionals.
