29 Questions
What is the main function of hemoglobin in the body?
Carrying O2 from the lungs to the body's tissues and returning CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs
Which type of hemoglobin is the major hemoglobin found in adults?
HbA, made up of two alpha (α) and two beta (β) subunits
What is the main function of heme in hemoglobin?
Binding O2 in the ferrous state
What is the difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis?
Hematopoiesis is the formation of all blood cells, while erythropoiesis specifically refers to the formation of red blood cells (RBCs)
What is HbA composed of?
Two alpha (α) and two beta (β) subunits
What is the iron-binding component of hemoglobin?
Heme
Which of the following is the gold standard for iron deficiency anemia investigation?
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
A 31-year-old patient with extreme fatigue, dizziness, and weakness is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Which of the following signs is the most specific in iron deficiency anemia patients?
Koilonychia
Severe symptoms of anemia appear at:
$Hb$ is 13 g/dl
Which of the following is a trigger or controlling factor of erythropoiesis?
A and B
Which of the following will cause a breakdown of RBC leading to a normocytic normochromic anemia?
Sickle cell anemia
A patient was found to have vitamin B12 deficiency. Which type of anemia is most likely to be found?
Macrocytic anemia
Which cells are responsible for hematopoiesis and have the ability of self-renewal and cell differentiation?
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur and what factors are required for it?
Primarily in the bone marrow, requires folic acid, iron, and vitamin B12
At which stage does Hb synthesis begin and stop during erythropoiesis?
Begins at the erythroblast stage and stops at the reticulocyte stage
What is anemia characterized by?
A reduction in Hb concentration
How does the body respond to hypoxia caused by anemia?
By producing more red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin through erythropoietin
How can anemia be classified based on morphology?
Hypochromic microcytic anemia, normocytic normochromic anemia, and macrocytic anemia among others
What is the approximate absorption rate of iron consumed by the body?
5-10%
Which molecule plays a crucial role in controlling the iron status in the body and preventing the body from absorbing too much iron?
Hepcidin
In which form does iron enter the body and must be converted to for absorption?
$Fe^{3+}$
Which molecule controls iron absorption and storage?
Hepcidin
What plays a protective role during infection by preventing microorganisms from using iron for their growth?
$IL-6$
What stimulates increased iron absorption?
Hypoxia
Which condition is characterized by normochromic normocytic anemia?
Anemia of Chronic Disease
What is the process of producing blood cells called?
Hematopoiesis
What is the reduction of Hb concentration below the normal range called?
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Which component facilitates the release of iron from cells into circulation?
Transferrin
What are the common symptoms associated with Iron Deficiency Anemia?
$All of the above$
Study Notes
- Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is characterized by symptoms and signs of anemia, as well as koilonychia, angular stomatitis or glottitis, fissures around the mouth, and dysphagia due to pharyngeal web in the esophagus (Plummer-Vinson syndrome)
- IDA is diagnosed by reduced or absent iron stores (hemosiderin) on Perl’s stain, microcytic hypochromic anemia on blood film, and low serum iron, TIBC, and transferrin saturation, and high serum ferritin
- IDA is treated with oral iron replacement therapy, addressing the underlying cause, and fibers to prevent constipation. In severe cases, blood transfusion may be required
- Prevention includes dietary modification, iron supplementation for high-risk groups, and food fortification, although it may cause GIT disturbances, staining of teeth, and a metallic taste
- Anemia of Chronic Disease is characterized by normochromic normocytic anemia, caused by decreased release of iron from iron stores due to raised serum hepcidin, and is associated with malignancy, chronic inflammations, chronic infections, and tissue necrosis
- Hematopoiesis is the process of producing blood cells, regulated by transcriptional factors such as erythropoietin and GATA1, and characterized by the ability of self-renewal and cell differentiation. It is majorly site in the bone marrow and requires regulatory factors including folic acid, vitamin B12, ferrous form iron, and erythropoietin
- Erythropoiesis is the process of forming erythrocytes (RBCs) which involve several stages from erythroblast to reticulocyte, and involves the synthesis of Hb, and the only form that will go to circulation. Iron Deficiency Anemia is the reduction of Hb concentration below the normal range, typically less than 13.5 g/dL in adult males, less than 11.5 g/dL in adult females, and less than 14 g/dL in newborn infants. It is classified as sideroblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and others based on morphology and distribution of RBCs production. Iron is carried by transferrin and stored as ferritin and hemosiderin, and ferroportin facilitates the release of iron from cells into circulation.
Test your knowledge of iron deficiency anemia and its impact on mental activity in children. Learn about the common causes of anemia and the limited absorption ability of iron in the body.
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