Iran Nuclear Deal and Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was one reason for the US secretly shipping weapons to Iran in the 1980s?

  • To establish a trade agreement
  • To free US hostages held by Hezbollah (correct)
  • To improve diplomatic relations
  • To support Iranian military expansion

What outcome resulted from the USS Vincennes shooting down an Iran Air flight?

  • An increase in oil prices globally
  • A shift in military strategy for the US
  • Immediate US-Iran diplomatic talks
  • A major incident where all 290 aboard were killed (correct)

What action did President George Bush take regarding Iran in 2002?

  • Signed a nuclear non-proliferation treaty
  • Announced trade restrictions on Iran
  • Included Iran in an 'axis of evil' speech (correct)
  • Promised military support to Iran

Why did President Trump withdraw the United States from the JCPOA?

<p>He cited Iranian support for terrorism and allegations of concealed nuclear activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sparked international concerns about Iran in 2002?

<p>The revelation of its nuclear facilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on October 18, 2015, in relation to the JCPOA?

<p>Adoption Day triggered commitments from Iran and the P5+1. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of sanctions imposed on Iran during the 2000s?

<p>A major downturn in Iran's currency value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for verifying Iran's compliance with the nuclear-related provisions of the JCPOA?

<p>International Atomic Energy Agency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered sanctions relief for the U.S., EU, and UN under the JCPOA?

<p>Implementation Day (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marked a turning point in US-Iran relations in 2013?

<p>A top-level conversation between Iran's president and US president (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary concern raised by President Trump regarding the JCPOA?

<p>It was fundamentally flawed due to undisclosed Iranian nuclear activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Iran agree to under the 2015 nuclear deal with the P5+1?

<p>Limit sensitive nuclear activities in exchange for sanctions relief (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to happen on Transition Day in October 2023 as per the JCPOA?

<p>Missile restrictions will be lifted and other sanctions will end. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What development occurred in US-Iran relations following the withdrawal from the JCPOA?

<p>Escalating tensions and military confrontations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries are part of the P5+1 that negotiated the JCPOA?

<p>China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Iran express following the U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA?

<p>It expressed a willingness to remain in the JCPOA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the resolution request from the IAEA regarding the deal?

<p>To undertake necessary monitoring and verification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is laid out in the resolution if the deal is not adhered to?

<p>The re-imposition of UN sanctions (snap back). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant issue was reported by the IAEA Director General Amano in March 2015?

<p>Iran did not provide sufficient access or information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assessment was made regarding Iran's nuclear program prior to 2003?

<p>Activities were a coordinated effort for developing nuclear weapons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in Iran on 16 January 1979?

<p>The US-backed Shah of Iran was forced to leave. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the US embassy hostage crisis in November 1979?

<p>American hostages were taken and held for 444 days. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When were the final 52 American hostages released from the US embassy in Tehran?

<p>On the day of Ronald Reagan's inauguration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the IAEA Board of Governors' resolution following the December 2015 report?

<p>They closed consideration of previous issues and terminated former resolutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was President Trump's reason for not making the certification related to U.S. sanctions in October 2017?

<p>He believed the suspension was not proportionate and appropriate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Trump's characterization of the JCPOA upon the announcement of the U.S. withdrawal in May 2018?

<p>A horrible one-sided deal that should have never been made. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did President Hassan Rouhani warn world leaders about regarding tensions in the Persian Gulf?

<p>A single blunder could escalate into a large-scale conflict. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Iran respond to U.S. sanctions since May 2019?

<p>By reducing its commitment to the JCPOA and limiting IAEA inspectors' access. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did President Trump accuse Iran's regime of during his speech at the UN General Assembly in September 2019?

<p>Engaging in bloodlust and provoking security threats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Rouhani announce concerning the nuclear machines in Iran?

<p>They would be injected with uranium gas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stance did Rouhani take on negotiations while sanctions were being imposed?

<p>There would be no negotiations under sanctions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Trump's key demands regarding Iran's leaders during his 2019 speech at the UN?

<p>To change their behavior and prioritize the Iranian people's needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated stock of uranium enriched to 60% reported by the IAEA in September 2022?

<p>55.6 kg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site did the IAEA identify as having undeclared nuclear material usage by Iran?

<p>Lavisan-Shian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did the IAEA Director General express concern about in the 2023 report?

<p>Iran's withdrawal of IAEA inspector designations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Iran reportedly exceed according to the November 2020 IAEA report?

<p>Amount of uranium permitted under the JCPOA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions did Iran agree to in February 2021 with the IAEA?

<p>Temporary measures to offset restricted access (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the IAEA chief state about the measures agreed to with Iran in February 2021?

<p>They would enable necessary monitoring and verification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sanctions waivers announced by former Secretary of State Michael Pompeo?

<p>They were terminated for nonproliferation cooperation projects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of uranium enrichment does Iran currently produce at Natanz and Fordow according to the 2023 report?

<p>Up to 60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who initiated Iran's nuclear program in the 1950s?

<p>Mohamed Reza Shah (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the termination of Iran's nuclear program after the 1979 revolution?

<p>Religious beliefs deemed it un-Islamic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Iran take regarding its nuclear program in 1984?

<p>Sought international partners for nuclear development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the peak number of centrifuges Iran operated at its nuclear facilities in 2015?

<p>20,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) find regarding Iran in 2005?

<p>Iran was found in non-compliance with its Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the objective of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) established in July 2015?

<p>To limit Iran’s nuclear capacity in exchange for sanctions relief (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key outcomes of the JCPOA on January 16, 2016?

<p>All nuclear-related sanctions on Iran were lifted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stance did U.S. President Donald Trump initially take towards the JCPOA?

<p>Promised to dismantle the nuclear deal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Iran's Nuclear Program

Iran's government's pursuit of nuclear technology, beginning in the 1950s, facing sanctions for enrichment program.

JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action)

An international agreement limiting Iran's nuclear capabilities in exchange for sanctions relief.

Uranium Enrichment

The process of increasing the concentration of uranium-235, a fissile material needed for nuclear power or weapons.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

An international organization responsible for promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy and verifying compliance with nuclear agreements.

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Sanctions Relief

The removal or easing of economic penalties imposed on a country, often in exchange for specific actions or agreements.

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Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU)

Uranium with a significantly higher concentration of uranium-235 than natural uranium.

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Nuclear Weapons Program

The development or maintenance of nuclear weapons by a country.

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Iran's Nuclear Development History

A history starting in the 1950s with the support of the U.S. Atoms for Peace Program that has fluctuated through phases of advancement and setbacks due to both internal and external factors.

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P5+1

China, France, Germany, Russia, the UK, and the US.

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UN Security Council Resolution 2231

The UN resolution endorsing the JCPOA, legitimizing the agreement.

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IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

The organization that verifies Iran's compliance with nuclear restrictions.

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US Withdrawal from JCPOA

In 2018 president Trump withdrew the US from the agreement.

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Implementation Day (JCPOA)

The date when the IAEA certifies Iran's compliance with nuclear restrictions, triggering sanction relief.

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Transition Day (JCPOA)

The 8-year mark from the agreement's adoption which triggers the eventual lifting of sanctions and other actions.

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Snap Back

A mechanism in the JCPOA allowing the UN Security Council to quickly reimpose sanctions on Iran if it violates the agreement.

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IAEA's Verification Role

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is tasked with monitoring Iran's nuclear program to verify compliance with the JCPOA.

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Military Dimensions

The IAEA investigated potential activities in Iran's past that could have been related to developing nuclear weapons.

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1979 Iranian Revolution

A major turning point in US-Iran relations, leading to the overthrow of the US-backed Shah and the establishment of the Islamic Republic.

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US Embassy Hostage Crisis

Protesters seized the US embassy in Tehran in 1979, holding American hostages for 444 days.

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Ayatollah Khomeini

The Islamic religious leader who returned from exile and became the Supreme Leader of Iran after the Iranian Revolution.

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US-Iran Relationship After Revolution

The US-Iran relationship significantly deteriorated after the 1979 revolution, marked by the hostage crisis and ongoing political tensions.

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US-Iran Relations: A History

The US-Iran relationship has been marked by periods of cooperation and conflict, from the 1950s Atoms for Peace program to the 1979 revolution and the ongoing nuclear dispute.

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Iran-Contra Scandal

A controversial event involving the US secretly selling weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of hostages and funneling profits to rebels in Nicaragua, creating a political crisis for Reagan.

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USS Vincennes Incident

In 1988, the US warship USS Vincennes shot down an Iranian passenger plane, killing all 290 people on board, claiming it was mistaken for a fighter jet.

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'Axis of Evil'

In 2002, President George Bush labelled Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as part of an 'Axis of Evil' in a speech, causing outrage in Iran.

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Nuclear Fears and Sanctions

In the 2000s, Iran's nuclear program raised international concerns, leading to accusations of a clandestine weapons program and numerous sanctions imposed by the UN, the US, and the EU.

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Hassan Rouhani & Obama Conversation

In 2013, Iran's new president Hassan Rouhani and US President Obama held the first top-level conversation in over 30 years, marking a potential shift in relations.

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Trump Administration & JCPOA

After taking office, the Trump administration certified in 2017 that Iran was complying with the JCPOA, but later withdrew the US from the agreement.

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Tension in the Gulf

Following the US withdrawal from the JCPOA, tensions in the Gulf significantly escalated, with incidents like oil tanker attacks and the shooting down of a US drone.

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Trump's JCPOA Stance

In 2017, President Trump refused to certify that Iran was complying with the JCPOA's terms, citing concerns about the deal's effectiveness. However, he did not immediately withdraw from the agreement.

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Biden's Approach to JCPOA

After taking office in 2021, President Biden expressed a willingness to return the US to the JCPOA and negotiate with Iran on restoring the deal's implementation.

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UN General Assembly on Iran (2019)

In 2019, the UN General Assembly saw tensions rise regarding Iran's nuclear program. President Trump urged nations to isolate Iran, while Iranian President Rouhani accused the US of 'international piracy' and 'economic terrorism'.

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Iran's JCPOA Response (2019)

Since 2019, Iran has gradually reduced its compliance with the JCPOA, limiting access for IAEA inspectors and increasing uranium enrichment. This response followed the US withdrawal and tightened sanctions.

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Iran's Uranium Enrichment (2019)

In 2019, Iran announced that it would resume uranium enrichment at its nuclear facility, starting with 1,044 machines. This move was seen as a direct response to the US sanctions and withdrawal from the JCPOA.

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IAEA & JCPOA Compliance

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is responsible for monitoring Iran's compliance with the JCPOA's restrictions on its nuclear program. The IAEA's verification is crucial for ensuring the agreement's effectiveness.

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JCPOA Implementation

The JCPOA's successful implementation requires all parties to fulfill their commitments, including Iran's limits on its nuclear activities and the lifting of sanctions by the US and other countries. This ensures the agreement's objectives are met.

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Uranium Enrichment Level (Iran)

The percentage of uranium-235 in a sample, indicating how close it is to being usable for nuclear power or weapons. Iran has been enriching uranium to 60%, exceeding the limits set by the JCPOA.

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IAEA Concerns (Iran)

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is worried about Iran's nuclear program because they can't guarantee it's only for peaceful purposes.

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Iran's Nuclear Program Expansion

Iran has been increasing its production of highly enriched uranium, especially at its Natanz and Fordow facilities.

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IAEA's Safeguards Obligations

Iran is obligated to disclose all its nuclear activities to the IAEA and allow inspectors to verify them.

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Iran's Withdrawal of Inspectors

Iran has removed access for experienced IAEA inspectors, hindering the IAEA's ability to monitor its nuclear program.

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Iran's New Centrifuge Technology

Iran has developed advanced centrifuges, which are machines used for enriching uranium, contradicting the JCPOA's restrictions.

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Iran's Underground Facilities

Iran has built new underground facilities near Natanz, its main enrichment site, which are harder for the IAEA to monitor.

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US Sanctions on Iran

The US has imposed sanctions on Iran to try to pressure it to stop its nuclear program and comply with international agreements.

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Study Notes

Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA)

  • The Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA) was a 159-page agreement reached in July 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany).
  • The deal limited Iran's nuclear capacity, with restrictions on uranium enrichment, in exchange for sanctions relief.
  • All nuclear-related sanctions on Iran were lifted in January 2016, in response to Iran's implementation of the deal's requirements.
  • The deal was agreed between the P5+1 (the US, UK, France, Russia, China) with Iran.

Iran's Nuclear Development

  • Iran's nuclear program began in the 1950s with assistance from the US Atoms for Peace program.
  • The Shah of Iran had ambitious plans to construct nuclear power reactors and an enrichment facility.
  • After the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Ayatollah Khomeini initially terminated the nuclear program, later seeking international partners to complete the Bushehr reactors.
  • Iran currently has complete nuclear fuel cycle capabilities (mining, milling, conversion, and enrichment).
  • Iran's extensive enrichment program has been controversial as it could produce highly enriched uranium (HEU) for a nuclear weapon.

US Withdrawal from JCPOA

  • President Trump campaigned on dismantling the nuclear deal with Iran.
  • In May 2018, the US withdrew from the JCPOA, re-imposing nuclear-related sanctions.
  • Trump's justification included alleged Iranian support for terrorism and pursuit of ballistic missiles, coupled with claims of concealed details of Iran's early-2000s nuclear weapons programs.

Timeline and Key Components of JCPOA

  • July 14, 2015: Finalization Day; the agreement is concluded.
  • July 20, 2015: The UN Security Council Resolution 2231 is adopted, endorsing the nuclear deal.
  • January 16, 2016: Implementation Day; the IAEA certifies Iran has met its commitments to restrict its nuclear program, triggering sanctions relief.
  • October 2023: Transition Day; the UN lifts missile restrictions on Iran, Iran seeks ratification of its additional protocol, the EU terminates nuclear sanctions, and the US seeks legislative termination of related sanctions.
  • October 2025: Termination Day; Resolution 2231 and the Security Council close Iran's nuclear file.

IAEA Verification and Monitoring

  • The IAEA has consistently monitored Iran's compliance with the agreement.
  • The agency's report in March 2015 highlighted that Iran did not provide sufficient access or information to resolve many issues related to the possible military dimensions of its nuclear program.
  • The IAEA's report in December 2015 assessed that activities relevant to the development of a nuclear device took place in Iran prior to the end of 2003.
  • Subsequent reports (2020, 2021, 2022, 2023) cited additional issues related to Iran's capacity to enrich uranium and its compliance with the agreed-upon limits.

US-Iran Relations

  • The US has had a complex relationship with Iran, marked by periods of cooperation and conflict, including the Iranian Revolution, the 1979-1981 hostage crisis, the Iran-Contra affair, the 1988 downing of an Iran Air flight, the Axis of Evil speech, and the 2000s nuclear fears/sanctions period.
  • The 2015 JCPOA agreement, the subsequent US withdrawal, and the continuing tension in the Persian Gulf continue to shape the US-Iran dynamic.

UN Security Council Resolutions

  • The UN Security Council has passed multiple resolutions related to Iran's nuclear program, including demands to halt Iran's enrichment and reprocessing activities.
  • These resolutions have imposed sanctions and restrictions on Iran.

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Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA) 2015 PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of the Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA) and the historical context of Iran's nuclear development from the 1950s to recent times. Discover the key players involved and the evolution of Iran's nuclear ambitions post-1979 Revolution. This quiz delves into international relations and the implications of nuclear agreements in modern geopolitics.

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