IP Addressing: IPv4 and IPv6 Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of private IP addresses in a local network?

Private IP addresses allow computers in a local network to communicate with each other without needing globally unique addresses.

List the reserved IP address ranges for private use as specified by IANA.

The reserved IP ranges are 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255.

What happens to private addresses when they need to communicate over the internet?

Private addresses typically use Network Address Translation (NAT) when connecting to the internet.

Identify one special purpose IP address range and its function.

<p>The 127.0.0.0/8 range is used for loopback addresses, allowing a device to communicate with itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Indian Railways allocate private IP addresses within its data networks?

<p>Indian Railways uses the 10.0.0.0/8 private address space, which is further subnetted to 10.X.0.0/16 for different zones and divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are private IP addresses considered free for use?

<p>Private IP addresses do not require permission for use, allowing anyone to implement them in their intranet networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for providing access to an intranet service to the public?

<p>A public IP address is required to enable access to any intranet service from the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must private IP addresses within the same local network be unique?

<p>Unique private IP addresses prevent address conflicts and ensure proper communication between devices on the same network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an IP address in a computer network?

<p>An IP address serves both as network interface identification and location addressing for devices connected to a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who manages the global IP address space?

<p>The global IP address space is managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and five regional Internet registries (RIRs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are in an IPv4 address, and what does this limit the address space to?

<p>An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits, limiting the address space to approximately 4.29 billion addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the dot-decimal notation used in IPv4 addresses.

<p>IPv4 addresses are represented in dot-decimal notation as four decimal numbers ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, such as 172.16.254.1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of an IP address in relation to sub-networks?

<p>An IP address consists of a network prefix in the high-order bits and a rest field or host identifier used for numbering hosts within a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a subnet mask and how is it represented?

<p>A subnet mask identifies the number of bits used for the network part of an IP address and is represented as a 32-bit number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are some IPv4 addresses reserved, and what are two specific categories of these reserved addresses?

<p>Some IPv4 addresses are reserved for special purposes, including private networks and multicast addressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines how an IP address is divided into its network and host components?

<p>The subnet mask notation determines the division of an IP address into its network and host components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NAT play for private IP addresses wishing to access the Internet?

<p>NAT replaces the private IP address with a public one, allowing the device to communicate on the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is at least one public IP address necessary for an Intranet network to access the Internet?

<p>At least one public IP address is required to route traffic to and from the Intranet, as private IP addresses cannot connect directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary responsibilities do Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have?

<p>ISPs ensure internet access, route internet traffic, resolve domain names, and maintain the necessary network infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the addressing scheme of IPv6 differ from that of IPv4?

<p>IPv6 uses a 128-bit address size compared to the 32-bit size of IPv4, providing an exponentially larger number of unique addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What security feature is built into the IPv6 protocol?

<p>IPSec, which allows for the creation of secure tunnels between devices without user intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant improvement in the IPv6 header compared to the IPv4 header?

<p>The IPv6 header is simpler and does not require a checksum calculation, making packet transmission more efficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there no need for NAT in IPv6 addressing?

<p>Every device has a globally unique IPv6 address, eliminating the need to map private addresses to public ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of having a sufficient address space in IPv6 for future internet connectivity?

<p>It ensures that there are enough unique addresses available for the continued growth of devices connecting to the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do IPv6 hosts configure their addresses without a DHCP server?

<p>IPv6 hosts can configure themselves using stateless address auto-configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an IPv6 address?

<p>An IPv6 address consists of 128 bits represented as 32 hexadecimal numbers in 8 quartets separated by colons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rules govern the omission of zeros in IPv6 address representation?

<p>Leading zeros in a quartet can be omitted, four successive zeros can be represented by a single zero, and multiple fields of zeros can be replaced using '::', only once in an address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the IPv4 and IPv6 relationship during the transition period?

<p>IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible, requiring transitional mechanisms for their coexistence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the dual stack method for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.

<p>The dual stack method allows both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols to coexist on the same device and network, enabling a gradual transition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for stakeholders to be knowledgeable about IPv6 and migration strategies?

<p>Stakeholders must understand IPv6 to facilitate the migration process of networks like Railnet from IPv4 as demand for IPv6 increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of times '::' can be used in an IPv6 address?

<p>'::' can only be used once in an IPv6 address to replace consecutive fields of zeros.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 have on network devices?

<p>Network devices must support dual stack installations to accommodate both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols during the transition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tunneling in the context of IPv6 and IPv4 communication?

<p>Tunneling allows IPv6 hosts to communicate over IPv4 infrastructure by encapsulating IPv6 traffic within IPv4 packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three tunneling configurations mentioned in the Indian Railways Telecom Manual.

<p>The three tunneling configurations are Router-to-Router, Host-to-Router, and Host-to-Host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the SIIT and NAT64 method facilitate communication between IPv4 and IPv6 devices?

<p>SIIT and NAT64 translate IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets and vice versa, enabling communication between IPv4 only and IPv6 only end stations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do gateways play in the SIIT and NAT64 method?

<p>Gateways are configured with SIIT and NAT64 protocols to connect external IPv4 and IPv6 networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the SIIT and NAT64 method considered preferred for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6?

<p>The SIIT and NAT64 method is preferred because it allows devices to be configured with IPv6 addresses only while still enabling connectivity with IPv4 networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) influences the management of IP addresses.

<p>The IANA manages the global IP address space and coordinates regional Internet registries for local allocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having a 32-bit representation for subnet masks in IP addressing?

<p>A 32-bit representation for subnet masks allows specification of the number of bits used for the network part of the IP address, facilitating efficient network organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the limitations of the IPv4 address space and the implications for future internet connectivity.

<p>The IPv4 address space is limited to around 4.29 billion addresses, which poses challenges for accommodating the growing number of internet-connected devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the division of an IP address into network and host parts impact sub-network organization?

<p>The division allows for efficient management of IP addresses by allocating specific address ranges to different sub-networks, improving routing and security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are specific IPv4 addresses reserved for special purposes, and what might a specific use case be?

<p>Certain IPv4 addresses are reserved to support functionalities like private networks and multicast addressing, ensuring organized network communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the impact of the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 on IP addressing strategies.

<p>The transition necessitates new addressing strategies to accommodate the vastly increased address space and features of IPv6, such as simplified routing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the representation of IPv4 addresses in dot-decimal notation play in user accessibility?

<p>Dot-decimal notation makes IPv4 addresses more human-readable and easier to memorize compared to binary representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways are multicast addressing and private networks essential for IP address management?

<p>Multicast addressing allows for efficient data transmission to multiple recipients, while private networks conserve public IP addresses by allowing internal communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does NAT enhance security for private IP addresses accessing the Internet?

<p>NAT effectively hides private IP addresses from the public domain, providing an additional layer of security by preventing direct access to internal devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major consequence of IPv6's increased address space compared to IPv4?

<p>The virtually unlimited unique addresses in IPv6 eliminate the need for NAT, allowing direct addressing of devices on the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does IPSec enhance IPv6 compared to previous versions?

<p>IPSec in IPv6 allows devices to create secure tunnels automatically without user intervention, thus improving security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why IPv6 does not require a checksum in its header.

<p>The omission of a checksum in the IPv6 header simplifies processing, allowing routers to transmit packets more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ISPs in maintaining Internet connectivity for users?

<p>ISPs route Internet traffic, resolve domain names, and maintain the necessary network infrastructure for user access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the public IP address usage of Railnet users benefit from NAT at the gateway level?

<p>NAT at the gateway allows multiple Railnet users to share a single public IP address, enabling efficient use of available IP resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is having built-in security features like IPSec significant for future Internet protocols?

<p>Built-in security features like IPSec ensure that security is a fundamental part of the protocol, enhancing data protection across networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how IPv6’s header improvements contribute to overall network efficiency.

<p>The simplified IPv6 header reduces processing overhead since routers do not need to compute checksums for every packet, enhancing overall efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the IPv4 private addresses allocated by the Railway Board?

<p>The Railway Board allocates the 10.0.0.0/8 network address, further subnetting it to 10.X.0.0/16 for different zones and divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the 169.254.0.0/16 address range in networking.

<p>The 169.254.0.0/16 address range is designated for link-local addresses (APIPA), which are automatically assigned when no other IP address is provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how private IP addresses can facilitate communication within a local network without globally unique addresses.

<p>Private IP addresses allow devices to communicate within a local network without global uniqueness, as NAT translates them when they access the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the operational implication of reusing private IP addresses across different local networks?

<p>Reusing private IP addresses is permissible across different local networks as they do not conflict, provided they are unique within each local context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of NAT impact the utility of private IP addresses in an intranet?

<p>NAT allows private IP addresses to communicate with the internet, providing access while maintaining internal address privacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the reserved IP address range designated for loopback addresses.

<p>The reserved IP address range for loopback addresses is 127.0.0.0/8.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are private IP addresses described as 'free' for use?

<p>Private IP addresses are categorized as 'free' because they do not require permission from IANA for allocation and can be used by anyone within local networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges arise from the use of private IP addresses in large networks?

<p>The main challenge is ensuring that private IP addresses remain unique within each local network to prevent address collisions and enable proper routing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6.

<p>It allows IPv6 hosts to automatically configure their addresses without needing a DHCP server.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the arrangement of an IPv6 address and its components.

<p>An IPv6 address is represented as 32 hexadecimal digits arranged in 8 quartets separated by colons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how tunneling allows IPv6 hosts to communicate over an IPv4 infrastructure.

<p>Tunneling encapsulates IPv6 traffic within IPv4 packets, enabling isolated IPv6 hosts and routers to communicate without upgrading the existing IPv4 infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key rules for omitting zeros in IPv6 address representation?

<p>Leading zeros in quartets can be omitted, and four successive zeros can be represented as a single zero or with the notation '::'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are IPv4 and IPv6 considered incompatible?

<p>They use different addressing schemes and protocols, making direct communication between them impossible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences in communication paths for each of the three tunneling configurations?

<p>The three configurations are Router-to-Router, Host-to-Router and Router-to-Host, and Host-to-Host, each defining the endpoints for tunneling over the IPv4 network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dual Stack Method achieve in the context of IPv6 migration?

<p>It enables devices and networks to use both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously, facilitating gradual transition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the translator in the SIIT and NAT64 method.

<p>The translator translates IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets through address and port translation, facilitating communication between IPv6-only and IPv4-only devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the responsibilities of stakeholders in the IPv6 migration process?

<p>They need to be knowledgeable about IPv6 and its migration strategies to support the transition effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of DNS-64 in the SIIT and NAT64 architecture.

<p>DNS-64 enables the resolution of domain names to IPv6 addresses, allowing IPv6-only devices to discover and communicate with IPv4 networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the maximum number of times the notation '::' can be used in an IPv6 address.

<p>The notation '::' can only be used once in an IPv6 address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the SIIT and NAT64 translation method the preferred choice for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6?

<p>Its ability to handle address and port translation efficiently allows complete communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks without requiring all devices to upgrade immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge that the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 faces?

<p>The challenge is ensuring compatibility of existing devices and networks during the coexistence of both protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

IP address

A unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network using the Internet Protocol.

IPv4

The older version of Internet Protocol address, using 32-bit addresses.

IPv6

The newer version of Internet Protocol address, with a larger address space than IPv4.

IP address space

The total range of possible IP addresses, managed by IANA and regional registries.

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32-bit address (IPv4)

The size of an IPv4 address, representing a limited number of addressable devices.

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Dot-decimal notation

The way IPv4 addresses are written: four numbers (0-255) separated by dots.

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Subnet mask

A number that determines how the IP address is split into network and host parts.

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Sub-networks

Divisions of a larger IP network, improving organization and management.

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Private IP Addresses

IP address ranges reserved for use within a private network, not accessible directly from the public internet.

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Public IP Addresses

IP addresses used for communication across the public internet, globally unique.

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Private IP address ranges

Specific blocks of IP addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16) reserved for internal use within networks (not directly viewable from outside).

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

A method used by private networks to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses when connecting to the internet.

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Special purpose IP addresses

IP addresses with specific functions within a network, like for local communication or loopbacks, and are not routable on the internet.

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IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

The organization responsible for managing IP address allocation and other internet resource numbers.

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10.0.0.0/8

A specific private IP address range.

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Unique Private IP Addresses

Each private IP address assigned within a local network must be unique to avoid address conflicts.

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Private IP Addresses

Unique network addresses used within a private network. They are unable to directly access the public Internet.

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NAT (Network Address Translation)

A method that maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses to enable access to the public Internet from a private network.

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Public IP Address

A unique network address used to identify a device on the Internet.

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ISP (Internet Service Provider)

A company that provides Internet access and related services to individuals and organizations.

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IPv6 Addressing

A newer Internet Protocol version that uses 128-bit addresses for devices, providing a vastly increased address space compared to IPv4.

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IPv6 Security

IPv6 includes IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) as part of the protocol, providing enhanced security features for data transmission and device communication.

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IPv6 Header Efficiency

The IPv6 header is simpler and more efficient than the IPv4 header. Routers do not require checksum recalculation, leading to faster packet transmission.

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No NAT Needed in IPv6

Since each device in an IPv6 network has a global address, network address translation (NAT) is not required.

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IPv6 Tunneling

Allows IPv6 devices to communicate over an IPv4 network by encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets.

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Router-to-Router Tunneling

A tunneling configuration where routers encapsulate and decapsulate IPv6 packets.

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SIIT and NAT64

A translation method allowing communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks by translating IPv6 packets to IPv4 format and vice versa.

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IPv4-IPv6 Communication

Method of enabling communication between devices using IPv4 and IPv6.

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Stateless IP Translation (SIIT)

Method for devices with only IPv6 addresses to communicate with devices having only IPv4 addresses, using a translator (a gateway).

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Stateless Address Autoconfig

IPv6 hosts automatically configure IPv6 addresses without a DHCP server.

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IPv6 Address Format

128-bit IP address represented as 32 hexadecimal numbers in 8 quartets, separated by colons.

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IPv6 Address Case Sensitivity

IPv6 address formatting is not case-sensitive for letters A-F.

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Zero Omission in IPv6

Leading zeros in quartets and four successive zeros can be shortened.

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IPv6 '::' Representation

Multiple quartets of zeros can be replaced by a single ::; used ONCE per address only.

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IPv4/IPv6 Compatibility

IPv4 and IPv6 are not directly compatible. Migration between them requires transition mechanisms to coexist.

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Dual Stack Method

Allows coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 on the same device and network.

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Dual Stack Devices

Devices using both IPv4 and IPv6 drivers simultaneously .

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IPv4 address

A 32-bit address used for identifying devices on a network.

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IPv4 address size

32 bits, roughly 4.29 billion possible addresses.

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Dot-decimal notation

The way IPv4 addresses are written (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

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Subnet Mask

Specifies the network and host parts of an IP address.

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Sub-networks

Divisions of a larger network, improving organization.

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Private IP Addresses

IP addresses reserved for use within private networks.

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IANA

Globally manages the IP address allocation system.

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IPv6

A newer IP version with a much larger address space (128 bits).

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Private IP Addresses

IP addresses used within a private network; not accessible directly from the public internet.

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NAT (Network Address Translation)

A method to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses when connecting to the internet.

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Public IP Address

A unique address used to identify a device on the public internet.

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ISP (Internet Service Provider)

A company that provides internet access and related services.

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IPv6 Addressing

A newer internet protocol version using 128-bit addresses, offering more address space than IPv4.

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IPv6 Security

IPv6 includes IPSec for enhanced security in data transmission.

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IPv6 Header Efficiency

IPv6 headers are simpler than IPv4, making transmission faster.

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No NAT Needed in IPv6

IPv6 devices have global addresses, eliminating the need for NAT.

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Private IP Addresses

IP addresses reserved for use within a private network, not accessible directly from the public internet.

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Private IP address ranges

Specific blocks of IP addresses reserved for use within private networks; examples include 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.

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Public IP Address

An IP address used for communication across the public internet, globally unique.

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Special Purpose IP Addresses

IP addresses with specific functions within a network; e.g., for local communication, loopbacks (self-communication), and are not routable on the internet.

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

A method used by private networks to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses when connecting to the internet.

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10.0.0.0/8

A specific private IP address range reserved for use within a private network.

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Unique Private IP Addresses

Private IP addresses within the same local network must be unique.

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Private Addressing Scheme

A system of assigning private IP addresses within a network

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Stateless Address Autoconfig

IPv6 devices automatically configure their IP addresses without a DHCP server.

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IPv6 Address Format

128-bit address represented as 32 hexadecimal numbers in 8 quartets, separated by colons.

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IPv6 Address Case Sensitivity

The letters A-F in IPv6 addresses are not case sensitive.

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Zero Omission in IPv6

Leading zeros in quartets and four successive zeros can be removed in IPv6 addresses.

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IPv6 '::' Representation

Multiple quartets of zeros in an IPv6 address can be replaced by a single ::; this is used just once.

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Dual Stack Method

A method to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6 that allows both protocols to coexist on the same device and network.

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IPv4/IPv6 Compatibility

IPv4 and IPv6 are not directly compatible; they need transition mechanisms to coexist.

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IPv6 Migration

Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6, a necessary process to handle the evolving internet needs.

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IPv6 Tunneling

A method for IPv6 hosts to communicate over an IPv4 infrastructure. It encapsulates IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets.

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Tunneling Configurations

Different ways IPv6 traffic can be tunneled, including router-to-router, host-to-router, and host-to-host.

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SIIT and NAT64

A translation method allowing IPv4-only and IPv6-only devices to communicate. It translates IPv6 packets to IPv4 and vice-versa.

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Stateless IP/ICMP Translation

A method where devices are configured with only IPv6 addresses, but gateways handle the translation between IPv4 and IPv6.

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IPv4-IPv6 Communication

Methods for enabling communication between devices using IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, including tunneling and translation methods.

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Study Notes

IP Addressing - IPv4/IPv6

  • An IP address is essential for devices on a network using the Internet Protocol. It identifies the network interface and location.
  • IP address space is managed globally by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) and regionally by five registries (RIRs). These assign addresses to local registries, like internet service providers.
  • Two common versions are IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the older version, more widely known, and IPv6 is the newer version.
  • IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, limiting the potential address space to approximately 4.29 billion unique addresses.
  • Some IPv4 addresses are reserved for special purposes, like private networks or multicast addressing.
  • IPv4 addresses are represented in dot-decimal notation (e.g., 172.16.254.1). Each section consists of 8 bits, ranging from 0 to 255.
  • Networks can be divided into sub-networks using subnet masks. Subnet masks identify the network part of the IP address.
  • Computers not constantly connected to the internet use private IP addresses that do not need to be unique globally.
  • Special purpose IP addresses (e.g., 0.0.0.0/8, 127.0.0.0/8) cannot be used for networking.
  • IANA reserves address blocks for private IP addresses, such as 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255.
  • Indian Railways use private IP addresses for internal data networks.
  • Public IP addresses are needed to access services on the public internet.
  • Private IP addresses within the same local network must be unique.
  • Private IP addresses cannot access the public internet without the help of NAT (Network Address Translation).
  • An ISP (Internet Service Provider) provides internet access.
  • IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, significantly increasing the address space to approximately 3.4 x 1038 unique addresses.
  • IPv6 improves on security with IPSec, and simplifies header structures.
  • IPv6 does not need NAT. It eliminates the reliance on NAT for a global address.
  • IPv6 and IPv4 are not compatible. There are methods for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6 (like dual stack, tunneling, and translation).

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CH 31.pdf

Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of IP addressing, focusing on both IPv4 and IPv6. Understand the structure of IP addresses, the role of IANA in managing address space, and the significance of subnetting. Gain insights into the differences and similarities between these two protocols.

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