Questions and Answers
What are protocols?
Protocols are the rules that communications will follow.
What elements are necessary for any communication to occur?
Encoding is the process of converting information into a different form for transmission.
True
Match the following network protocol functions with their descriptions:
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Network protocol suites are viewed in terms of ____.
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What is a characteristic of TCP/IP protocol suite?
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Which organization is responsible for the open development and evolution of the internet standards?
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The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) oversees IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.
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What does IEEE stand for?
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The process of breaking up messages into smaller units is known as message ___.
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Match the OSI Model Layer with its description:
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What is the purpose of the host portion of an IPv4 address?
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When devices are on the same network, the source and destination IP addresses will have the same number in the network portion
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What is the role of the Data Link Layer in addressing?
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What happens when the source and destination devices are on different networks?
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What is the purpose of the default gateway?
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The L3 IP addressing changes from segment to segment
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What is the purpose of the Lab – Install Wireshark?
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What is the main purpose of protocols in networking?
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What is the role of the Network and Data Link layers in addressing?
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Study Notes
The Rules
- Communication requires agreed-upon rules, including a source, destination, and channel
- Protocols govern communication and vary depending on the protocol
- Established rules are necessary for effective communication
- Protocols must account for identified sender and receiver, common language and grammar, speed and timing of delivery, and confirmation or acknowledgment requirements
- Network protocol requirements include message encoding, formatting and encapsulation, message size, message timing, and message delivery options
- Encoding is the process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission
- Message formatting and encapsulation involve using a specific format or structure depending on the type of message and channel
- Message size is important, as encoding between hosts must be in an appropriate format for the medium
- Message timing includes flow control, response timeout, and access method
- Message delivery options include unicast, multicast, and broadcast
Protocols
- Network protocols define a common set of rules and can be implemented on devices in software, hardware, or both
- Protocols have their own function, format, and rules
- Protocol functions include addressing, reliability, flow control, sequencing, error detection, and application interface
- Multiple protocols are used in a network, each with its own function and format
- Protocol suites are groups of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function
Protocol Suites
- TCP/IP is the most common protocol suite and is maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- Other protocol suites include OSI, AppleTalk, and Novell NetWare
- TCP/IP is an open standard protocol suite that is freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor
- TCP/IP operates at the application, transport, and internet layers
- The TCP/IP protocol suite includes many protocols, including HTTP, TCP, IP, and Ethernet
Standards Organizations
- Open standards encourage interoperability, competition, and innovation
- Standards organizations are vendor-neutral, non-profit organizations established to develop and promote open standards
- Examples of standards organizations include the Internet Society (ISOC), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- These organizations develop, update, and maintain internet and TCP/IP technologies, as well as coordinate IP address allocation and domain name management
Reference Models
- Layered models describe network operations, including the OSI and TCP/IP reference models
- The OSI reference model has seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application
- The TCP/IP reference model has four layers: network access, internet, transport, and application
- Layered models assist in protocol design, foster competition, and prevent technology changes in one layer from affecting other layers
Data Encapsulation
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Segmenting is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units
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Multiplexing is the process of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together### Benefits of Segmenting Messages
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Increases speed: Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without tying up a communications link.
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Increases efficiency: Only segments that fail to reach the destination need to be retransmitted, not the entire data stream.
Sequencing Messages
- Process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination.
- TCP is responsible for sequencing the individual segments.
Data Encapsulation
- Process where protocols add their information to the data.
- Each stage of the process, a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) has a different name to reflect its new functions.
- PDUs passing down the stack are:
- Data (Data Stream)
- Segment
- Packet
- Frame
- Bits (Bit Stream)
Data Encapsulation Process
- Top-down process where each layer adds its header and passes it down to the next layer.
- Repeated at each layer until it is sent out as a bit stream.
De-encapsulation Process
- Data is de-encapsulated as it moves up the stack.
- Each layer strips off its header and passes it up to the next layer to be processed.
- Repeated at each layer until it is a data stream that the application can process.
Data Access
- Both data link and network layers use addressing to deliver data from source to destination.
Layer 3 Logical Address
- IP packet contains two IP addresses:
- Source IP address: IP address of the sending device.
- Destination IP address: IP address of the receiving device.
- These addresses may be on the same link or remote.
IP Address Structure
- IP address contains two parts:
- Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6): Left-most part of the address indicates the network group.
- Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6): Remaining part of the address identifies a specific device within the group.
Devices on the Same Network
- When devices are on the same network, the source and destination will have the same network portion of the address.
Devices on a Remote Network
- When the actual destination is not on the same LAN, the packet needs to be routed to the remote network.
- The default gateway (DGW) is the router interface IP address that is part of the LAN and will be the “door” or “gateway” to all other remote locations.
Data Link Layer Addresses
- Since data link addressing is local addressing, it will have a source and destination for each segment or hop of the journey to the destination.
- The MAC addressing changes from link to link or hop to hop, while the L3 addressing remains the same.
Lab – Install Wireshark and View Network Traffic
- Lab exercise to install Wireshark and capture and analyze local and remote ICMP data.
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Description
Understanding IP addresses, including host portion and network portion, and how devices on the same network communicate.
