IP Addressing and Fragmentation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of IP fragmentation?

  • To increase the data transfer speed.
  • To encrypt data during transmission.
  • To ensure compatibility with different MTU sizes. (correct)
  • To reduce the overall size of the data packet.

    • What determines how a network acquires its subnet part of an IP address?

  • It is randomly generated by the network.
  • It gets allocated from its provider's address space. (correct)
  • It is predetermined by global standards.
  • It is derived from the network's internal configuration.

    • How much overhead is typically added by the TCP layer?

  • 30 bytes
  • 10 bytes
  • 20 bytes (correct)
  • 40 bytes

    • Which of the following correctly identifies an IP address?

    <p>A 32-bit identifier for a host or router interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the address notation used for Organization 1 based on the provided content?

    <p>200.23.18.0/23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the headers when a datagram is fragmented?

    <p>Each fragment retains a copy of the original header.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hierarchical addressing benefit routing advertisement?

    <p>It allows for efficient advertisement of routing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum data field length in a packet if the MTU is 1500 bytes and the IP header is 20 bytes?

    <p>1480 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an IP header, what does the 'offset' represent during fragmentation?

    <p>The position of the fragment within the original datagram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of address space does the ISP provide to its organizations?

    <p>A portion of its allocated address space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the least specific route indicated in the address space provided?

    <p>200.23.16.0/20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of IP fragmentation in data transmission?

    <p>Higher chances of packet loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about maximum transmission unit (MTU) is true?

    <p>MTU can vary between different network links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has an address of 200.23.20.0/23?

    <p>Organization 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sending requests to the ISP with address specifications?

    <p>To receive anything with specified address beginnings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are used to represent an IPv4 address?

    <p>32 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'options' field in an IP header?

    <p>It can contain additional routing or timing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization is responsible for allocating IP address blocks to ISPs?

    <p>ICANN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NAT in the context of a local network?

    <p>To hide internal IP addresses from the outside world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a motivation for using NAT?

    <p>Improved network speed for local devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a NAT router modify outgoing datagrams?

    <p>It replaces the source IP address with the NAT IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What IP address format is used in a typical local network managed by NAT?

    <p>10.0.0.0/24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the visibility of devices in a local network when using NAT?

    <p>They are entirely hidden from external networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the IP address 200.23.30.0/23 is correct?

    <p>It is part of a larger block allocated to an organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key task does ICANN perform besides address allocation?

    <p>Assigns domain names</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary motivation for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6?

    <p>The 32-bit address space of IPv4 is nearly exhausted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of Network Address Translation (NAT)?

    <p>It violates the end-to-end argument principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an IPv6 datagram format, what must be noted about fragmentation?

    <p>No fragmentation is allowed in the IPv6 datagram format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field in an IPv6 packet header identifies priority among datagrams in a flow?

    <p>Traffic Class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NAT facilitate in network architecture?

    <p>Multiple simultaneous connections using a single external IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect must application designers consider due to NAT?

    <p>Potential issues with NAT traversal for client communications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of the fixed-length IPv6 header format?

    <p>Simplifies the processing and forwarding of packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the flow label in an IPv6 datagram indicate?

    <p>Datagrams belonging to the same 'flow'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant aspect was removed in IPv6 to enhance processing time at each hop?

    <p>Checksum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol was introduced in IPv6 to accommodate additional message types?

    <p>ICMPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Next Header' field in IPv6?

    <p>To indicate options outside of the header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do IPv4 and IPv6 routers manage the transition between the two protocols?

    <p>Through tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the adoption of IPv6 is correct?

    <p>One-third of all US government domains are IPv6 capable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the IPv6 header structure?

    <p>Multicast address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tunneling allow during the IPv4 to IPv6 transition?

    <p>IPv6 packets to be forwarded as IPv4 packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mode allows for the inclusion of options in IPv6 packet transmission?

    <p>Next Header Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of the IPv4 header not present in IPv6?

    <p>Checksum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced during the transition from IPv4 to IPv6?

    <p>Simultaneous upgrade of all routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action taken when the source IP matches 1.2.. and the destination IP matches 3.4.5.*?

    <p>Drop the packet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is associated with packets destined to IP address 51.6.0.8?

    <p>Forward to output port 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to all datagrams destined to TCP port 22 according to firewall rules?

    <p>Drop them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the OpenFlow abstraction, what type of addresses do firewalls match against?

    <p>IP addresses and TCP/UDP port numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the forwarding decision when the ingress port is 1 and IP source is 10.3..?

    <p>Forward to port 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation is not part of the possible actions in an OpenFlow flow table?

    <p>Rearrange packet header fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of forwarding is associated with layer 2 (switch) according to the content?

    <p>MAC address-based forwarding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of OpenFlow, what does a match rule for NAT typically include?

    <p>IP address and port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the action taken for packets originating from host 128.119.1.1?

    <p>They are dropped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of match does a router typically use according to the forwarding rules?

    <p>Longest destination IP prefix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When sending packets from hosts h5 and h6 through the switch s1, what is the forwarding action taken?

    <p>Forward to s2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the stats column in the OpenFlow flow table?

    <p>To keep track of packet and byte counters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the action 'forward' mean in the context of OpenFlow?

    <p>Send packets out on specified ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'x' represent in the address format a.b.c.d/x?

    <p>The subnet prefix length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ranges represents non-routable IP addresses?

    <p>10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the subnet part determined in a CIDR address?

    <p>By the binary representation of the address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What IP address would be part of the non-routable range for private networks?

    <p>192.168.100.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the subnet portion of an IP address in CIDR is correct?

    <p>It can vary in length as specified by 'x'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in FIFO scheduling?

    <p>Send packets in the order they arrive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'tail drop' refer to in the context of packet scheduling?

    <p>Discarding the packet that arrives last when the queue is full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In priority scheduling, what factor determines which packets are sent first?

    <p>Assigned priority levels of different classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core principle of Round Robin scheduling?

    <p>All classes are given equal time to send one packet each</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic may influence the class of a packet in priority scheduling?

    <p>The packet's header information and markings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized discard policy in the context of scheduling mechanisms?

    <p>Last in last out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when packets are classified into multiple classes in priority scheduling?

    <p>Each class gets a sequenced priority for sending packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome when a packet arrives at a full FIFO queue?

    <p>The arriving packet is dropped based on the tail drop policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source IP address of the DHCP Offer message?

    <p>223.1.2.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of the DHCP ACK message?

    <p>To acknowledge that the client has received an IP address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using longest prefix matching in routing?

    <p>It optimizes the selection of the most specific route for forwarding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transaction ID in the DHCP Request message?

    <p>654</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs)?

    <p>They enable retrieval of addresses in a single clock cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What IP address is being offered to the client in the DHCP Offer message?

    <p>223.1.2.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a switching fabric?

    <p>It determines how packets are transferred from input buffers to output buffers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does the bus switching method encounter?

    <p>The switching speed is limited by the bus bandwidth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime of the IP address assigned in the DHCP messages?

    <p>3600 secs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In switching via interconnection networks, what is a key advantage?

    <p>It can overcome bandwidth limits experienced in bus systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of memory switching?

    <p>It is constrained by the memory's bandwidth and CPU control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When implementing longest prefix matching, which interface would the following address use: 11001000 00010111 00011000 10101010?

    <p>Interface 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about packet switching speed is accurate?

    <p>Switching speed is measured as a factor of input/output rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using older routers with memory-based switching?

    <p>They face limitations due to inadequate memory capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a crossbar switching network?

    <p>To route packets based on destination addresses with minimal collisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a flow in the OpenFlow data plane abstraction?

    <p>Header fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of a control plane in networking?

    <p>Manages routing tables and flow tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'match' component in generalized forwarding involve?

    <p>Pattern matching values in packet header fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do routers utilize the flow table derived from the logically centralized routing controller?

    <p>To define match+action rules for packet handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary feature of the action component in the OpenFlow flow table?

    <p>Drop or forward matched packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is NOT defined in the generalized forwarding rules?

    <p>Create new packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When prioritizing patterns in a flow table, what purpose does priority serve?

    <p>To disambiguate overlapping patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of counters in the OpenFlow flow table?

    <p>To monitor #bytes and #packets for statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an organization obtain its subnet part of an IP address?

    <p>By getting an allocated portion from its ISP's address space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a less specific route?

    <p>200.23.16.0/20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hierarchical addressing facilitate in network routing?

    <p>Efficient advertisement of routing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization address format corresponds to Organization 1 in the provided information?

    <p>200.23.18.0/23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ISPs regarding IP address allocation?

    <p>They distribute their allocated address space to organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the hierarchical model in the context of routing?

    <p>It enables aggregation of routing information for efficient management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is typically sent to ISPs regarding address specifications?

    <p>Instructions to send all addresses starting with specific prefixes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which address block represents the least specific routing for the organizations listed?

    <p>200.23.16.0/20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 4: Network Layer: The Data Plane

    • This chapter focuses on the data plane of the network layer, emphasizing the principles behind network layer services, specifically concentrating on the data plane.
    • The use of PowerPoint slides is freely available to all, and can be modified, modified and deleted to suit needs but the source must be noted (with copyright) if used.
    • Key points about uses for slides:
      • Citation of the slide source when used in classroom settings
      • Acknowledging the copyright, and source of the slide material, when posting on a website.
    • The slides cover generalized forwarding and Software Defined Networking (SDN) concepts.
    • Examples of match-plus-action in routers are also covered.
    • Key Network Layer Functions:
      • Forwarding: The process of moving packets from a router's input to appropriate output ports. Think of it like navigating a single interchange in a road trip.
      • Routing: The process of planning a trip from source to destination, determining the route a packet takes. This includes routing algorithms.
    • Network Layer Data Plane, Control Plane:
      • Data plane: This operates locally per router determining how arriving datagrams are forwarded to the output port.
      • Control plane: This operates across the entire network, determining how datagrams are routed between routers along the source-to-destination path. Includes traditional routing algorithms implemented in routers and Software Defined Networking (SDN) implemented remotely.

    Network Layer Service Models

    • Datagram Services:
      • Guaranteed delivery
      • Guaranteed delivery with less than 40 msec delay
    • Flow Services:
      • In-order datagram delivery
      • Guaranteed minimum bandwidth
      • Restrictions on changes in inter-packet spacing

    Router Architecture Overview

    • High-level view of a generic router's architecture. Includes routing processor for processing logic, high speed switching fabric, input ports, & output ports.

    Input Port Functions

    • The physical layer handles bit-level reception.
    • The data link layer (e.g., Ethernet) handles the link protocol for sending and receiving data.
    • Decentralized switching uses IP header values for lookup and forwarding, using a "match plus action" mechanism in the input port hardware.
    • Destination-based forwarding focuses on destination IP addresses.
    • Generalized forwarding allows for forwarding based on header values.

    Longest Prefix Matching

    • This is often used for finding entries in forwarding tables using a suitable address prefix.
    • Uses ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) that allow retrieval of addresses in one clock cycle, regardless of the table size.
    • TCAMs can be helpful in router design with very large tables.

    Switching Fabrics

    • Switching fabrics transfer packets from input buffers to appropriate output buffers.
    • Speed is often measured in multiples of input/output line rates.
    • Three types include memory-based, bus-based, and crossbar-based.
      • Memory based relies on CPU intervention.
      • Bus-based transfer packets from memory for an output port using a shared bus.
      • Crossbar use interconnection networks for switching.

    Input Port Queuing

    • Queueing may happen at high traffic volume, when traffic from one or several ports exceeds the rate capacity via the switching fabric. This can cause delays or packets loss.
    • Head-of-line (HOL) blocking happens when the first packet in a queue prevents or delays other packets from proceeding.

    Output Ports

    • Datagrams may arrive at output port buffers faster than they can be transmitted (causing delays).
    • There is a need for buffering or scheduling to manage queues to avoid delays in transfers.
    • Priority scheduling methods aim to prioritize different data packets (eg. high-priority datagrams vs lower).

    Network Layer's IP Datagram Format

    • It includes header fields for version, header length, type of service, total length, identification, flags, offset, and more (options are available).
    • Each router along a path decrements the time to live field. Forwarded to the next hop until zero to discard the packet.

    IP Fragmentation and Reassembly

    • Networks may employ MTU (maximum transmission unit) limits due to the maximum size of data frames possible.
    • IP datagrams may need to be fragmented into smaller pieces that can be carried by the next hop/router.
    • The receiving router is responsible for reassembling fragments back into the original, larger datagram.

    IPv4 Addressing

    • 32 bits identify a host or router interface.
    • Interfaces on a host or router is a connection between the host/router and a physical link.
    • Routers usually have multiple interfaces.
    • Hosts typically have one or more interfaces.

    Subnets

    • Subnets are logical groupings of networks or interfaces.
    • Dividing networks into subnets ensures logical network organization.
    • When identifying subnets, interfaces are detached from hosts and/or routers creating isolated networks

    IP Addresses: CIDR

    • Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) uses subnets with flexible variable length.
    • Address format: a.b.c.d/x with 'x' being the number of subnet bits.

    Non-Routable IP Addresses

    • Specific sets of IP addresses are not routed over the Internet ( eg. 10.0.0.0/8; 172.16.0.0/12; 192.168.0.0/16), used primarily as private networks.

    IP Addresses: How To Get One?

    • IP addresses can be hardcoded for each host, and dynamically obtained from a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.

    DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

    • A standard protocol for dynamically assigning IP addresses. The DHCP server can provide the client with IP addresses, the the address of the first-hop router, the DNS server address and the network mask (network vs host) information.

    DHCP Client-Server Scenario

    • A client requesting an IP address can obtain an address from the DHCP server through a series of messages.

    DHCP: More Than IP Addresses

    • DHCP can also return more than IP address; also includes information such as address of first-hop router, name & IP address of DNS server .

    OpenFlow Data Plane Abstraction

    • A method for representing and distributing network forwarding rules.

    • Defines flows using header fields.

    • Flow table entries include a pattern and associated actions.

    • Examples include forwarding datagrams to particular ports, dropping datagrams (firewall rules).

    Match+Action

    • This framework unifies various networking elements (routers, firewalls, and switches) into a common way of expressing rules to manage data packets.
    • Various actions include forwarding to particular port, dropping or rewriting address and port.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on IP addressing and fragmentation concepts. This quiz covers topics such as TCP overhead, subnetting, and hierarchical addressing. Challenge yourself with questions related to IP header and data transmission.

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