Questions and Answers
What does RFC1918 define?
It defines the 3 ranges of private IPv4 addresses: Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 /8, Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 /16, Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 /32.
What device will create multiple collision domains and 1 broadcast domain?
Hubs are no longer used because they create one collision domain, regardless of how many hosts are connected to it.
True
What does BGP stand for?
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What are the two segments of an IPv4 address?
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What does OSPF stand for?
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What is the purpose of a checksum in IPv4?
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What does TCP/IP stand for?
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In North America, what agency assigns IP addresses to ISPs?
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Select 3 IPv4 classes typically used in cable networks:
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Class A networks are for what type of networks?
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Class B networks typically have?
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Class C networks have:
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An IP address of all 0s is the network ID, and an IP address of all 1s is the directed broadcast.
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In what format are Class A addresses structured?
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What is the subnet mask for a Class B network?
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Private IP Ranges include which class for Class A?
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What does APIPA stand for?
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What is a loopback IP address?
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What does FQDN stand for?
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The DNS service identifies who owns the domain.
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What is the IPv4 header part that lets routers know how many hops a packet can travel?
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Which function is being used by a DHCPv6 server that assigns non-temporary and temporary addresses to clients?
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If the neighbor discovery fails to find an IPv6 host, an ARP request will be used.
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Study Notes
IP Addressing Overview
- RFC1918 specifies private IPv4 address ranges: Class A (10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255), Class B (172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255), and Class C (192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255).
- A switch creates multiple collision domains and a single broadcast domain, unlike a hub which creates just one collision domain.
Devices and Protocols
- Hubs are obsolete due to their single collision domain characteristic.
- Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) exchanges routing information among autonomous systems on the Internet.
- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a common routing protocol for IP networks.
IP Address Structure
- An IPv4 address consists of a Network ID (identifying the network) and a Host ID (identifying a specific device on that network).
- Class A networks can support a large number of hosts, Class B supports fewer, and Class C supports the fewest hosts but the most networks.
Subnet Masks
- Class A subnet mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8).
- Class B subnet mask: 255.255.0.0 (/16).
- Class C subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24).
- A longer subnet mask indicates fewer hosts available for the network.
Special Addresses
- Directed broadcast and broadcast addresses (e.g., 255.255.255.255) are used for messages to all hosts in a network.
- IPv4 checksum detects errors; IPv6 removed this feature to enhance efficiency.
- APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) assigns addresses in the 169.254.x.x range when DHCP fails.
Networking Concepts
- Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) consists of four hierarchical parts: top-level domain (TLD), domain, hostname, and a full stop.
- Multicast addresses (e.g., 224.1.1.255) are used for delivery to multiple interfaces in a network.
IPv6 Addressing
- IPv6 uses hexadecimal notation with each address divided into eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.
- Global Routing Prefix, Operator Subnet, Customer Subnet, and Interface ID are essential components of IPv6 addressing.
- Unique Local Addresses (ULA) start with FC00::/7, and Global Unicast Addresses are represented by 2000::/3.
Packet Structure and Functions
- An IP packet consists of three parts: header (routing information), payload (data), and trailer (ends the packet).
- The Time to Live (TTL) in an IPv4 header indicates the maximum number of hops a packet can make.
DHCP in IPv6
- Stateful DHCPv6 assigns non-temporary and temporary addresses to clients, while Stateless DHCPv6 does not assign addresses but provides configuration parameters.
- Dual stack technique allows a device to connect using both IPv4 and IPv6.
Error Detection and Messages
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides error messages and diagnostic functions on TCP/IP networks.
- Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is utilized for detecting changes to data in digital networks.
Additional Concepts
- Loopback addresses, such as 127.0.0.1 for IPv4 and ::1 for IPv6, are used for testing the local device.
- Address allocation for ISPs and customers varies, with IANA serving as the root authority for IPv6 address distribution, assigning blocks to RIRs.
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Test your knowledge on IP addressing concepts with these flashcards. Learn about private IPv4 addresses defined by RFC1918 and the difference between networking devices. Perfect for anyone studying networking fundamentals or preparing for certification.
