IoT Waves and Ecosystem
210 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of batch processing?

  • To reduce the number of random variables under consideration
  • To transform the data into a visual representation
  • To accumulate new data into disjunctive groups and process them at a later time (correct)
  • To handle each new piece of data at the time it is being created

    • Which of the following operations is NOT one of the five main operations performed on streaming data?

  • Visualization
  • Aggregation (correct)
  • Compression
  • Learning

    • What is the primary advantage of using a Lambda architecture?

  • It supports only stream processing
  • It provides both accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results (correct)
  • It is based on existing relational database principles
  • It does not support batch processing

    • What is the primary application of Spectrum Streamer?

    <p>To ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)?

    <p>To promote open standards and interoperability for industrial IoT systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Flink for stream processing?

    <p>It utilizes automated scaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Security Operations Center (SOC)?

    <p>To monitor and improve an organization's security posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using stream analytics for spectrum management?

    <p>It provides low-cost sensors for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the 3rd wave of IoT?

    <p>Data collection, processing, and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an Actuator in IoT?

    <p>Converting electrical signals to physical quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Edge processing in IoT?

    <p>Data aggregation and manipulation directly on an IoT sensor or device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between LPWAN and Zigbee?

    <p>Frequency band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of 5G in IoT?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an Information Broker in IoT?

    <p>Storing recently received data from sensors or the cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of HyperCat and DCAT in IoT?

    <p>Facilitating interoperability between data catalogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of Access Control in IoT?

    <p>A provider of information generally does not know all potential consumers of its data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the data access platform in an IoT platform?

    <p>To reduce technical barriers for information providers and consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metadata in the context of IoT data?

    <p>A set of data that describes and presents information about other data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dataset in the context of IoT data?

    <p>A key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is characterized by having a time and an optional location?

    <p>Sensor data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the 'situations' class of information in BT Datahub?

    <p>An aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic ofjourneys and geographical features in BT Datahub?

    <p>They are both represented as geospatial features with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for an IoT platform to provide facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access?

    <p>To reduce the risk of unauthorized access and misuse of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between metadata and the initial query of parent data?

    <p>Metadata is a child set of data provided within an initial query of parent data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the PETRAS Internet of Things Research Hub?

    <p>To enhance innovation and economic development in IoT in Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Cybersecurity Act in the EU's approach to IoT security?

    <p>To strengthen consumer trust and work toward a single EU digital marketplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ISO27005 in IoT security?

    <p>To provide a general framework for security risk management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of BSI Kitemark in IoT security?

    <p>To indicate levels of trust, compliance, security, etc. in IoT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the IoT Security Foundation (IoTSF)?

    <p>To provide a collaborative, nonprofit, international response to the complex challenges posed by cybersecurity in IoT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of BGP in IoT security?

    <p>To provide IoTSF Best Practice Guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Standards development organizations (SDOs) in IoT?

    <p>To formulate health and safety standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of a single certification scheme for connected devices in the EU?

    <p>To strengthen consumer trust and work toward a single EU digital marketplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Prometheus?

    <p>To store and retrieve time series data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is InfluxDB primarily used for?

    <p>Storage and retrieval of time series data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vMCM stand for?

    <p>Virtual Machine Cloud Machine Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vBCP?

    <p>To act as a gateway to blockchain infrastructures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vAAA?

    <p>To deliver AAA features for identity validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a digital twin?

    <p>To monitor and govern physical assets in a device-agnostic manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of InfluxDB being written in Go?

    <p>It allows for efficient storage and retrieval of time series data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using vMCM?

    <p>It enables digital twin services for physical assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of stream processing?

    <p>To handle each new piece of data at the time the data is being created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dimensionality reduction in the context of streaming data?

    <p>A set of techniques that reduce the number of random variables under consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a second-generation stream processing system like Flink?

    <p>It utilizes automated scaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Spectrum Streamer?

    <p>To ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of real-time notifications in Spectrum Streamer?

    <p>To update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of statistical reporting in Spectrum Streamer?

    <p>To provide a report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Lambda architecture?

    <p>It provides both accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Kappa architecture?

    <p>To process data exclusively as streams, without a batch layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vBCP in IoT devices?

    <p>To act as a gateway to blockchain infrastructures, allowing interaction with the blockchain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of vAAA in IoT devices?

    <p>To provide blockchain-based identity validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is InfluxDB primarily used for in IoT devices?

    <p>To store and retrieve time series data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using vMCM in IoT devices?

    <p>It provides device-agnostic monitoring and governance of physical assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Prometheus in IoT devices?

    <p>To provide real-time alerting and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a digital twin in IoT devices?

    <p>To provide device-agnostic monitoring and governance of physical assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using InfluxDB written in Go?

    <p>It offers better performance and scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of vMCM's digital twin services?

    <p>To monitor and govern physical assets in a device-agnostic manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Protocol Adapter in IoT?

    <p>To enable the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Rules Engine in IoT?

    <p>To enable the routing of incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Device Management in IoT?

    <p>To encompass the areas of initial device configuration and on-going management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of a Secure Runtime Environment in IoT?

    <p>A comprehensive collection of tools that reduce the attack space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Edge Computing in IoT?

    <p>To reduce transmission costs and provide fast interactive response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Customer Edge Device in IoT?

    <p>To receive data from and send commands to IoT devices and provide limited local storage, processing, and networking functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Mobile Edge Computing in IoT?

    <p>To reduce transmission costs and provide fast interactive response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of IoT Runtime Environment (IRE) in IoT?

    <p>To provide additional functionality beyond container management level that enables remote management of information flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of a Permissionless DLT?

    <p>Any actor can become a node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using blockchain technology?

    <p>Trust and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) primarily focused on?

    <p>Enhancing privacy rights and consumer protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE)?

    <p>Building and publicly sharing solutions to cybersecurity problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an Electronic Health Record (EHR)?

    <p>Collecting patient and population health information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of NoSQL databases?

    <p>Data is modeled in means other than tabular relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)?

    <p>Enabling two-way communication between utilities and customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Distributed Energy Storage (DES)?

    <p>Electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of providing facilities for information providers to retain control over access in an IoT platform?

    <p>To reduce technical barriers between data providers and consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is characterized by having a time and an optional location?

    <p>Sensor data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between metadata and the initial query of parent data?

    <p>Metadata is a child set of data provided within the initial query</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of journeys and geographical features in BT Datahub?

    <p>They are represented as geospatial features with arbitrary associated properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the 'situations' class of information in BT Datahub?

    <p>An aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the data access platform in an IoT platform?

    <p>To reduce technical barriers between data providers and consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dataset in the context of IoT data?

    <p>A key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metadata in the context of IoT data?

    <p>A set of data that describes and presents information about other data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an Information Provider in an IoT ecosystem?

    <p>To own and manage sensor deployments and make data available to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using LPWAN over Zigbee?

    <p>LPWAN is more suitable for low-power and long-range applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the 2nd wave of IoT?

    <p>Developing new technologies and protocols for sensor deployment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Customer Edge Device?

    <p>To receive data from and send commands to IoT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the IoT Runtime Environment (IRE)?

    <p>To enable remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of HyperCat and DCAT?

    <p>To facilitate interoperability between data catalogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using 5G in IoT?

    <p>Higher data rates and lower latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the IoT ecosystem?

    <p>To enable the deployment of IoT technology and facilitate interactions between stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of providing facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access in an IoT platform?

    <p>To reduce technical barriers between information providers and consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of information in BT Datahub includes an aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation?

    <p>Situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of both journeys and geographical features in BT Datahub?

    <p>They are represented as geospatial features with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metadata in the context of IoT data?

    <p>A set of data that describes and presents information about other data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between metadata and the initial query of parent data?

    <p>Metadata is a child set of data provided within an initial query of parent data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dataset in the context of IoT data?

    <p>A key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data is characterized by having a time and an optional location?

    <p>Sensor data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the data access platform in an IoT platform?

    <p>To reduce technical barriers between information providers and consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of the PETRAS Internet of Things Research Hub?

    <p>Develop IoT applications for the healthcare sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Cybersecurity Act in the EU's approach to IoT security?

    <p>To give ENISA a permanent mandate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the IoT Security Foundation (IoTSF)?

    <p>To provide a collaborative, nonprofit, international response to IoT security challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of BSI Kitemark in IoT security?

    <p>To indicate levels of trust, compliance, and security in IoT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ISO27005 in IoT security?

    <p>To establish a general framework for security risk management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of a single certification scheme for connected devices in the EU?

    <p>It strengthens consumer trust and creates a single EU digital marketplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Standards development organizations (SDOs) in IoT?

    <p>To formulate health and safety standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of BGP in IoT security?

    <p>To provide IoTSF Best Practice Guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of permissionless DLTs?

    <p>Anyone can become a node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using blockchain technology?

    <p>Complete decentralization and resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)?

    <p>To enhance consumer protection and privacy rights for California residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a Renewable Energy Source (RES)?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)?

    <p>To enable two-way communication between utilities and customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Laboratory Information System (LIS)?

    <p>To support modern laboratory operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using NoSQL databases?

    <p>To provide a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data modeled in means other than tabular relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of Distributed Energy Storage (DES)?

    <p>Electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary functionality of Prometheus?

    <p>A tool kit for event monitoring and alerting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does InfluxDB primarily store?

    <p>Time series data in fields such as operations monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vMCM?

    <p>To offer digital twin services for physical assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vAAA?

    <p>To deliver AAA features with blockchain-based and OAUTH2.0 service modes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of InfluxDB being written in Go?

    <p>It is more scalable for handling large amounts of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using vMCM?

    <p>It allows for device-agnostic monitoring and governance of physical assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vBCP?

    <p>To provide a gateway to blockchain infrastructures for IoT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a digital twin?

    <p>To monitor and govern physical assets in a device-agnostic manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of providing facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access in an IoT platform?

    <p>To ensure providers can control who accesses their data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between metadata and the initial query of parent data?

    <p>Metadata is a child set of data provided within an initial query of parent data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes sensor data in BT Datahub?

    <p>Values with a time and an optional location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of journeys and geographical features in BT Datahub?

    <p>They are both represented as geospatial features with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the data access platform aim to reduce in an IoT platform?

    <p>Technical barriers between providers and consumers of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is a dataset in the context of IoT data?

    <p>A key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the 'situations' class of information in BT Datahub?

    <p>Aggregated sensor data and other data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of providing facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access in an IoT platform?

    <p>Enabling providers to control who accesses their data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stream processing systems utilizes automated scaling?

    <p>Flink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation?

    <p>Promotion of open standards and interoperability for IoT systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of dimensionality reduction in streaming data?

    <p>To reduce the number of random variables under consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Security Operations Center (SOC)?

    <p>To monitor and improve an organization's security posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of real-time notifications in Spectrum Streamer?

    <p>To update spectrum occupancy databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using stream analytics for spectrum management?

    <p>Cost-effective sensing of the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)?

    <p>To promote open standards and interoperability for IoT systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of compression in streaming data?

    <p>To reduce the occupied space for storing and transmitting data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a federated DLT and a permissionless DLT?

    <p>One requires permission to participate, while the other does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using blockchain technology?

    <p>Enhanced trust and resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)?

    <p>To enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Laboratory Information System (LIS)?

    <p>To support modern laboratory operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using NoSQL databases?

    <p>Ability to model data in means other than tabular relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)?

    <p>To enable two-way communication between utilities and customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Archetype Query Language (AQL)?

    <p>Ability to express queries for searching and retrieving data in archetype-based repositories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP)?

    <p>To determine on a case-by-case basis how to treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a time series database like InfluxDB in IoT?

    <p>It provides a scalable storage solution for large amounts of IoT data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vMCM in IoT?

    <p>It acts as a local network cache for reported measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of vBCP in IoT?

    <p>It acts as a gateway to blockchain infrastructures for IoT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Prometheus for event monitoring and alerting?

    <p>It offers flexible queries and real-time alerting for event monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vAAA in IoT?

    <p>It delivers AAA features, including blockchain-based and OAUTH2.0 service modes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an Information Provider in an IoT ecosystem?

    <p>To own sensor deployments and make data available to others under appropriate terms and conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using LPWAN over Zigbee?

    <p>LPWAN has lower power consumption than Zigbee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of InfluxDB being written in Go?

    <p>It allows for high-performance and efficient data retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Edge processing in IoT?

    <p>To perform data aggregation, manipulation, and bandwidth reduction on IoT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a digital twin in IoT?

    <p>It allows for device-agnostic monitoring and governance of physical assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of InfluxDB in IoT?

    <p>It stores and retrieves time series data for IoT applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the 2nd wave of IoT?

    <p>To develop new types of sensors and technologies to support their deployment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Customer Edge Device?

    <p>To receive data from and send commands to IoT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the IoT Runtime Environment (IRE)?

    <p>To enable remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of HyperCat and DCAT in IoT?

    <p>To facilitate interoperability between data catalogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge of Access Control in IoT?

    <p>To control access to data in a more open environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 2nd wave of IoT?

    <p>Developing new types of sensors and technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Customer Edge Device?

    <p>Receive data from and send commands to IoT devices and provide limited local storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an IoT Runtime Environment (IRE)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using UNB (Ultra-narrow Band) systems?

    <p>Suitability for small amounts of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Rules Engine in IoT?

    <p>Route incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interoperability in IoT?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Secure Runtime Environment in IoT?

    <p>Reduce the attack space through measures such as IAM and secure boot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Node-RED in IoT?

    <p>Allows for flow-based development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a federated DLT from a permissionless DLT?

    <p>Centralized governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using blockchain technology in terms of data management?

    <p>Enhanced security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)?

    <p>To enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for California residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE)?

    <p>To build and publicly share solutions to cybersecurity problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using an Archetype Query Language (AQL)?

    <p>Simplified data modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Laboratory Information System (LIS)?

    <p>To support modern laboratory operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of distributed energy storage (DES)?

    <p>Decentralized energy generation and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of renewable energy sources (RES)?

    <p>Constant replenishment from natural sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of providing facilities for information providers to retain control over access in an IoT platform?

    <p>to enable information providers to monetize their data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between metadata and sensor data?

    <p>Metadata is a child set of data provided within an initial query of parent sensor data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of journeys and geographical features in BT Datahub?

    <p>They are represented as geospatial features with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the data access platform in an IoT platform?

    <p>To reduce the technical barriers faced by both information providers and consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is characterized by having a time and an optional location?

    <p>Sensor data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the 'situations' class of information in BT Datahub?

    <p>An aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a dataset and sensor data?

    <p>A dataset is a key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of providing facilities for information providers to retain control over access in an IoT platform?

    <p>It enables information providers to monetize their data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Prometheus for monitoring and alerting?

    <p>It provides a flexible query language for metrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using InfluxDB for time series data?

    <p>It provides high-performance storage and retrieval for large amounts of time series data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vMCM?

    <p>To act as a local network cache for reported measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of vBCP?

    <p>To act as a gateway to blockchain infrastructures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vAAA?

    <p>To deliver AAA features with blockchain-based and OAUTH2.0 service modes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a digital twin?

    <p>It provides a device-agnostic way to monitor and govern physical assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of InfluxDB being written in Go?

    <p>It makes it more scalable and efficient for handling large amounts of time series data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of real-time alerting in Prometheus?

    <p>To trigger notifications based on predefined rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus area of the PETRAS Internet of Things Research Hub?

    <p>Privacy, ethics, trust, reliability, acceptability, and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Cybersecurity Act in the EU's approach to IoT security?

    <p>To create a single certification scheme for connected devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ISO27005 in IoT security?

    <p>To provide a general framework for security risk management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of a single certification scheme for connected devices in the EU?

    <p>To strengthen consumer trust and create a single EU digital marketplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of BSI Kitemark in IoT security?

    <p>To create a recognizable symbol for trust, compliance, and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the IoT Security Foundation (IoTSF)?

    <p>To provide a collaborative, nonprofit, international response to IoT security challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of BGP in IoT security?

    <p>To provide IoTSF Best Practice Guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Standards development organizations (SDOs) in IoT?

    <p>To formulate health and safety standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Prometheus?

    <p>An open-source event monitoring and alerting tool kit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is InfluxDB used for?

    <p>Storage and retrieval of time series data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vMCM stand for?

    <p>Virtual Machine Cloud Machine function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vBCP?

    <p>Gateway to blockchain infrastructures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vAAA?

    <p>Blockchain-based identity validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a digital twin?

    <p>A virtual replica of a physical asset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of InfluxDB being written in Go?

    <p>It improves the performance of the database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using vMCM?

    <p>It provides device-agnostic monitoring and governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Prometheus?

    <p>Recording real-time metrics in a time series database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vBCP in IoT devices?

    <p>Gateway to blockchain infrastructures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Waves of IoT

    • The 1st wave of IoT focused on hardware breakthroughs to connect everyday objects to a network.
    • The 2nd wave of IoT centered on developing new sensors, technologies, and protocols to support their deployment.
    • The 3rd wave of IoT involves data collection, processing, and security.

    IoT Ecosystem

    • The IoT ecosystem consists of stakeholders participating in IoT technology deployment and their relationships.
    • Information providers own sensor deployments.
    • Platform providers support stakeholders by offering a set of functionalities.
    • Application developers create applications that process data to produce actionable insights for end-users.
    • End-users participate in the ecosystem by using information and applications made available to them.

    IoT Devices and Networks

    • An actuator is a device that converts electrical signals into physical quantities like movement, force, or sound.
    • Edge processing is the aggregation, manipulation, and bandwidth reduction of data directly on an IoT sensor or device.
    • The access network is concerned with moving data to and from sensors or edge devices to a backhaul network.

    IoT Connectivity

    • Important factors to consider when choosing IoT connectivity include data rate, power availability, range, and cost.
    • Zigbee can mesh and is suitable for short and mid-range applications.
    • LPWAN (Low Power Wireless Area Network) operates at frequencies lower than 1 GHz and includes technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Weightless.
    • UNB (Ultra-narrow Band) systems transmit signals in a small spectrum and are suitable for small data amounts.
    • Spread spectrum techniques decrease interference and increase security.

    IoT Protocols

    • LoRaWAN uses spread spectrum based on the LoRa protocol from Semtech.
    • Sigfox is a protocol used in narrowband applications.
    • Weightless consists of three protocols and operates at 2.4 GHz.
    • Extended coverage is an IoT-optimized GSM network deployed with software upgrades.
    • Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT or LTE-M2) is designed for lower power consumption, increased system capacity, and spectrum efficiency.

    5G and IoT

    • 5G enables enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC).

    Edge Computing

    • A customer edge device receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices and provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.
    • A mobile edge computer (MEC) reduces transmission costs and provides fast interactive response for data aggregation, compression, and transformation.
    • A centralized IoT platform offers powerful central storage and processing capabilities for IoT use cases.
    • Customer Premises Edge Compute (C-PEC) and Communications Service Provider Premises Edge Compute (CSP-PEC) are edge computing models.

    IoT Runtime Environment

    • IoT Runtime Environment (IRE) enables remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints.
    • IRE allows specific applications to be chained together, enabling data transformation, contextualization, and communication to other systems.

    Device Management and Security

    • Device management includes initial device configuration and ongoing management.
    • Secure Runtime Environment (SRE) represents a collection of tools that reduce the attack space through measures like identity access management (IAM), secure boot, and trusted execution environments (TEEs).

    IoT Development Tools

    • NodeJS is a JavaScript runtime for servers.
    • Node-RED is a flow-based development tool for IoT applications built on NodeJS.
    • Protocol adapters enable the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format.

    IoT Data Processing

    • Batch processing accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later based on criteria like batch size or age.
    • Stream processing handles each new piece of data in real-time.
    • Five main operations performed on streaming data include compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, and visualization.

    IoT Standards and Organizations

    • The Internet of Things Security Foundation (IoTSF) is a collaborative, nonprofit organization that addresses IoT security challenges.
    • The Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) promotes open standards and interoperability for industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments.
    • The Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) is a standards-based architectural template for IoT systems.

    IoT Waves

    • 1st wave of IoT: Hardware breakthrough to connect everyday objects to a network.
    • 2nd wave of IoT: Developing new types of sensors and technologies to support their deployment.
    • 3rd wave of IoT: Data collection, processing, and security.

    IoT Ecosystem

    • IoT ecosystem: A set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationship between them.
    • Stakeholders:
      • Information providers: Owners of sensor deployments.
      • Platform providers: Support stakeholders in other roles by providing a set of functionalities.
      • Application developers: Produce applications that process available data to produce actionable insight for end users.
      • End users: Participate in the ecosystem by using the information and applications.

    IoT Devices

    • Actuator: A device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity.
    • Edge processing: A process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device.
    • Access network: Part of the network concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge device to a backhaul network.

    IoT Connectivity

    • Factors to consider when choosing IoT connectivity:
      • Data rate
      • Power availability
      • Range
      • Cost
    • IoT connectivity options:
      • Zigbee: Can mesh, suitable for short and mid-range.
      • LPWAN (Low Power Wireless Area Network): Lower than 1 GHz, uses ISM band in EU and USA.
      • UNB (Ultra-narrow Band): Transmits signal in a small amount of spectrum, suitable for small amounts of data.
      • Spread spectrum: Technique that decreases interference and increases security.
      • LoRaWAN: Based on LoRa protocol, uses spread spectrum.
      • Sigfox: Named for the company that owns it, used in narrowband.
      • Weightless: Consists of three protocols, works on 2.4 GHz.
      • Extended coverage: IoT-optimized GSM network, deployed with software upgrade.
      • Narrow band Internet of Things (NB-IoT or LTE-M2): Designed for lower power consumption, increased system capacity, and range.
      • LTE-M: LTE chips built for IoT, higher throughput and lower battery life than NB-IoT.

    5G

    • 5G enables:
      • eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband): Higher data rates.
      • ULRRC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication): For critical use cases where quality of service and low latency are needed.
      • mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications): Supports a huge number of devices in the future.

    Edge Computing

    • Customer edge device: Receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices, provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.
    • Mobile edge computer (MEC): Reduces transmission cost and provides fast interactive response in the computation of off-loading resources.
    • Centralized IoT platform: Powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases, delivering important capabilities such as data interoperability and uniform data access management functions.
    • C-PEC (Customer Premises Edge Compute): Computing devices installed on the customer's premises adjacent to their sensors, LAN, or IoT devices.
    • CSP-PEC (Communications Service Provider Premises Edge Compute):
    • IoT Runtime Environment (IRE): Provides additional functionality beyond the container management level that enables remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints.

    IoT Device Management

    • Device management: Encompasses the areas of initial device configuration and ongoing management.
    • Secure Runtime Environment: Component that reduces the attack space through measures such as identity access management (IAM), secure boot, device attestation, TPMs, and trusted execution environments (TEEs).

    IoT Application Development

    • NodeJS: Javascript for servers.
    • Node-RED: Built on NodeJS, flow-based development tool meant for IoT.
    • Protocol adapter: Protocol-specific module enabling the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format.
    • Information broker: On-board storage module that allows storage of recently received data from sensors or from the cloud or other modules.
    • Rules Engine: Module that routes incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules.
    • Use case specific module: Produced by a developer to perform a specialist function.
    • Management and Security module: Allows registration of the IoT device to the system and manages modules and configuration, handles security features.

    IoT Data and Interoperability

    • HyperCat: Specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies, uses JSON and URI.
    • DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary): W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues, specifies a resource description framework (RDF).
    • Three main aspects of interoperability:
      • Discovery: Identifying which aggregators contain information of interest and finding specific data sets.
      • Access control: In the more open environment of the IoT, a provider of information generally does not know all potential consumers of its data.
      • Usage: Using the data in the context of the IoT.

    Blockchain and IoT

    • Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT): Decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes.
    • Permissionless DLTs: Any actor can become a node.
    • Federated DLT: Permissioned DLT shared across more than one organization.
    • Features of blockchains:
      • Decentralization
      • Immutability
      • Auditability
      • Fault tolerance and resilience
    • Benefits of blockchain:
      • Trust
      • Resilience
      • Adaptability
      • Fault tolerance
      • Security
      • Complete decentralization
    • Challenges:
      • Scalability
      • Storage
      • Latency
      • Security
      • Privacy
      • Environmental impact
      • Compliance

    IoT Security and Regulations

    • California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA): State statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States.
    • National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE): U.S. government organization that builds and publicly shares solutions to cybersecurity problems faced by U.S. businesses.
    • Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP): Process used by the U.S. federal government to determine on a case-by-case basis how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities.

    IoT Use Cases

    • Electronic health record (EHR): Electronic, systematized collection of patient and population health information stored in a digital format that can be shared across different healthcare settings.
    • Laboratory information system (LIS): Software-based solution with features that support a modern laboratory's operations.
    • Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): Integrated system of smart meters, communications networks, and data management systems that enable two-way communication between utilities and customers.
    • Distributed energy storage (DES): Electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected, or distribution system-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources.
    • Renewable energy source (RES): Energy source that comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished, such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave, etc.

    IoT Data Processing

    • Batch processing: Accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them at a later time, defined by criteria such as batch size or age.
    • Stream processing: Handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window.
    • Five main operations performed on streaming data:
      • Compression
      • Dimensionality reduction
      • Summarization
      • Learning and mining
      • Visualization
    • Two main types of stream data processing systems:
      • First type based on existing relational database principles
      • Second type more suitable for streaming data, does not enforce a relational view and enables the creation of custom operators that consume and transform data streams and generate new data streams
    • Flink: Second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling.
    • Lambda architecture: Supports both stream and batch functionalities, provides both accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results
    • Kappa architecture: The batch layer is not present, and all data are processed exclusively as streams.

    IoT Development Waves

    • The 1st wave of IoT focused on hardware breakthroughs to connect everyday objects to a network.
    • The 2nd wave of IoT centered on developing new types of sensors and technologies to support their deployment.
    • The 3rd wave of IoT emphasizes data collection, processing, and security.

    IoT Ecosystem

    • The IoT ecosystem consists of stakeholders participating in IoT technology deployment and their relationships.
    • Stakeholders include information providers (owners of sensor deployments), platform providers, application developers, and end users.

    IoT Devices and Technologies

    • An actuator is a device that converts an electrical signal into a physical quantity (e.g., movement, force, or sound).
    • Edge processing involves data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and logic directly on an IoT sensor or device.
    • Access networks move data to and from a sensor or edge device to a backhaul network.

    IoT Connectivity Options

    • Factors to consider when choosing IoT connectivity: data rate, power availability, range, and cost.
    • Zigbee can mesh and is suitable for short and mid-range applications.
    • LPWAN (Low Power Wireless Area Network) options include Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Weightless, operating at frequencies like 868 MHz (EU) and 915 MHz (USA).
    • UNB (Ultra-narrow Band) systems transmit signals in a small spectrum (less than 1 kHz) for small data transmissions.

    5G and IoT

    • 5G enables enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC).

    Edge Computing and IoT Platforms

    • Customer edge devices receive data from and send commands to IoT devices, providing limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.
    • Mobile edge computers (MECs) reduce transmission costs and provide fast interactive responses for data aggregation, compression, and transformation.
    • Centralized IoT platforms offer powerful storage and processing capabilities for IoT use cases, enabling data interoperability and uniform access management.

    IoT Runtime Environment and Management

    • IoT Runtime Environment (IRE) enables remote management of information flows between IoT applications and external endpoints.
    • Device management encompasses initial device configuration and ongoing management.
    • Secure Runtime Environment reduces the attack surface through measures like identity access management (IAM), secure boot, and trusted execution environments (TEEs).

    IoT Development Tools and Protocols

    • NodeJS is a JavaScript runtime for servers.
    • Node-RED is a flow-based development tool for IoT built on NodeJS.
    • Protocol adapters enable the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format.

    Information Providers and Consumers

    • Information providers collect data from their own sensor deployments and make it available to others under appropriate terms and conditions.
    • Information consumers want to join the data revolution, identifying and integrating relevant data into their own development.

    Interoperability and Data Management

    • HyperCat is a specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies.
    • DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary) facilitates interoperability between data catalogues.
    • Three main aspects of interoperability: discovery, access control, and usage.

    IoT Security and Standards

    • The PETRAS Internet of Things Research Hub focuses on critical issues in IoT privacy, ethics, trust, reliability, acceptability, and security.
    • IoTSF (IoT Security Foundation) is a collaborative, nonprofit organization responding to IoT cybersecurity challenges.
    • The Cybersecurity Act aims to create a single certification scheme for connected devices, strengthening consumer trust in the EU.
    • Standards development organizations (SDOs) formulate health and safety standards for IoT.

    IoT Waves

    • 1st wave of IoT: hardware breakthrough, aimed to connect everyday objects to a network
    • 2nd wave of IoT: developing new types of sensors and technologies to support their deployment
    • 3rd wave of IoT: data collection, processing, and security

    IoT Ecosystem

    • IoT ecosystem: a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and their relationships
    • Stakeholders: information providers, platform providers, application developers, and end users

    IoT Components

    • Actuator: a device that converts an electrical signal into a physical quantity
    • Edge processing: data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device
    • Access network: part of the network concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge device to a backhaul network

    IoT Connectivity

    • Factors to consider when choosing IoT connectivity: data rate, power availability, range, cost
    • Zigbee: can mesh, suitable for short and mid-range
    • LPWAN (Low Power Wireless Area Network): lower than 1 GHz, used in Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Weightless
    • UNB (Ultra-narrow Band systems): transmit signal in a small amount of spectrum, suitable for small amounts of data
    • Spread spectrum: technique to decrease interference and increase security
    • LoRaWAN: based on LoRa protocol from Semtech, uses spread spectrum
    • Sigfox: named for the company that owns it, used in narrowband
    • Weightless: consists of three protocols, works on 2.4 GHz
    • Extended coverage: IoT-optimized GSM network, deployed with software upgrade
    • Narrow band Internet of Things (NB-IoT or LTE-M2): designed for lower power consumption, increased system capacity, spectrum efficiency, and range
    • LTE-M: LTE chips built for IoT, higher throughput and lower battery life than NB-IoT

    5G

    • Enables: eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), ULR (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication), and mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications)

    IoT Devices

    • Customer edge device: receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices, provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions
    • Mobile edge computer: servers that reduce transmission cost and provide fast interactive response in computation of off-loading resources
    • Centralized IoT platform: powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases
    • C-PEC (Customer Premises Edge Compute): computing devices installed on the customer's premises adjacent to their sensors, LAN, or IoT devices
    • CSP-PEC (Communications Service Provider Premises Edge Compute)

    IoT Runtime Environment

    • IRE (IoT Runtime Environment): provides additional functionality beyond container management level that enables remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints
    • Device management: encompasses areas of initial device configuration and on-going management
    • Secure Runtime Environment: component that represents a comprehensive collection of tools that reduce the attack space through measures such as identity access management (IAM), secure boot, device attestation, TPMs, and trusted execution environments (TEEs)

    NodeJS and Node-RED

    • NodeJS: JavaScript for servers
    • Node-RED: built on NodeJS, flow-based development tool meant for IoT

    Protocol Adapter and Information Broker

    • Protocol adapter: protocol specific module enabling transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format
    • Information broker: on-board storage module that allows storage of recently received data from sensors or from the cloud or other modules

    Rules Engine and Use Case Specific

    • Rules Engine: module to route incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules
    • Use case specific: module produced by a developer to perform a specialist function

    Management and Security

    • Management and Security: module that allows registration of the IoT device to the system and manages modules and configuration, handles security features

    Information Provider and Consumer

    • Information provider: collects data from its own sensor deployments and wants to make this available to others under appropriate terms and conditions
    • Information consumer: wants to join the data revolution and build a new application that draws on multiple disparate sources of data, wants to identify relevant data, obtain permission to use it, and integrate it into their own development

    HyperCat and DCAT

    • HyperCat: specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies, uses JSON and URI
    • DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary): W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues, specifies a resource description framework (RDF)

    Interoperability

    • Three main aspects of interoperability: discovery, access control, and usage
    • Discovery: identify which aggregators contain information of interest and find specific data sets
    • Access control: facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access to their data
    • Data access: reduce technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information in shared interest

    Sensor Data and Metadata

    • Sensor data: measurement or query of data, initial value required for metadata to be gathered
    • Metadata: set of data that describes and presents information about other data
    • Dataset: key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor

    Information Classes in BT Datahub

    • Sensor data: values (generally numeric), each with a time and an optional location
    • Journeys: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
    • Geographical features: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
    • Situations: includes an aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation

    Batch and Stream Processing

    • Batch processing: process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them at a later time
    • Stream processing: process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window

    Operations on Streaming Data

    • Five main operations performed on streaming data: compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, and visualization
    • Compression: set of operations that can be done on the data to reduce occupied space for storing and/or required bandwidth for transmitting
    • Dimensionality reduction: set of techniques that reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration
    • Summarization: process of transforming the data in order to provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration
    • Learning and mining: learning refers to methods that automate model building from recorded data, mining involves using models to extract insights and understand large datasets
    • Visualization: methods that transform the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer

    Stream Data Processing Systems

    • Two main types of stream data processing systems: first type based on existing relational database principles, second type more suitable for streaming data
    • Flink: a second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling
    • Lambda architecture: supports both stream and batch functionalities, provides both accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results
    • Kappa architecture: the batch layer is not present, and all data are processed exclusively as streams

    IoT Development Waves

    • The 1st wave of IoT focused on hardware breakthroughs to connect everyday objects to a network.
    • The 2nd wave of IoT centered on developing new types of sensors and technologies to support their deployment.
    • The 3rd wave of IoT emphasizes data collection, processing, and security.

    IoT Ecosystem

    • The IoT ecosystem consists of stakeholders participating in IoT technology deployment and their relationships.
    • Stakeholders include information providers (owners of sensor deployments), platform providers, application developers, and end users.

    IoT Devices and Technologies

    • An actuator is a device that converts an electrical signal into a physical quantity (e.g., movement, force, or sound).
    • Edge processing involves data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and logic directly on an IoT sensor or device.
    • Access networks move data to and from a sensor or edge device to a backhaul network.

    IoT Connectivity Options

    • Factors to consider when choosing IoT connectivity: data rate, power availability, range, and cost.
    • Zigbee can mesh and is suitable for short and mid-range applications.
    • LPWAN (Low Power Wireless Area Network) options include Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Weightless, operating at frequencies like 868 MHz (EU) and 915 MHz (USA).
    • UNB (Ultra-narrow Band) systems transmit signals in a small spectrum (less than 1 kHz) for small data transmissions.

    5G and IoT

    • 5G enables enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC).

    Edge Computing and IoT Platforms

    • Customer edge devices receive data from and send commands to IoT devices, providing limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.
    • Mobile edge computers (MECs) reduce transmission costs and provide fast interactive responses for data aggregation, compression, and transformation.
    • Centralized IoT platforms offer powerful storage and processing capabilities for IoT use cases, enabling data interoperability and uniform access management.

    IoT Runtime Environment and Management

    • IoT Runtime Environment (IRE) enables remote management of information flows between IoT applications and external endpoints.
    • Device management encompasses initial device configuration and ongoing management.
    • Secure Runtime Environment reduces the attack surface through measures like identity access management (IAM), secure boot, and trusted execution environments (TEEs).

    IoT Development Tools and Protocols

    • NodeJS is a JavaScript runtime for servers.
    • Node-RED is a flow-based development tool for IoT built on NodeJS.
    • Protocol adapters enable the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format.

    Information Providers and Consumers

    • Information providers collect data from their own sensor deployments and make it available to others under appropriate terms and conditions.
    • Information consumers want to join the data revolution, identifying and integrating relevant data into their own development.

    Interoperability and Data Management

    • HyperCat is a specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies.
    • DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary) facilitates interoperability between data catalogues.
    • Three main aspects of interoperability: discovery, access control, and usage.

    IoT Security and Standards

    • The PETRAS Internet of Things Research Hub focuses on critical issues in IoT privacy, ethics, trust, reliability, acceptability, and security.
    • IoTSF (IoT Security Foundation) is a collaborative, nonprofit organization responding to IoT cybersecurity challenges.
    • The Cybersecurity Act aims to create a single certification scheme for connected devices, strengthening consumer trust in the EU.
    • Standards development organizations (SDOs) formulate health and safety standards for IoT.

    IoT Waves

    • 1st wave of IoT: hardware breakthrough, aimed to connect everyday objects to a network
    • 2nd wave of IoT: developing new types of sensors and technologies to support their deployment
    • 3rd wave of IoT: data collection, processing, and security

    IoT Ecosystem

    • IoT ecosystem: a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and their relationships
    • Stakeholders: information providers, platform providers, application developers, and end users

    IoT Components

    • Actuator: a device that converts an electrical signal into a physical quantity
    • Edge processing: data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device
    • Access network: part of the network concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge device to a backhaul network

    IoT Connectivity

    • Factors to consider when choosing IoT connectivity: data rate, power availability, range, cost
    • Zigbee: can mesh, suitable for short and mid-range
    • LPWAN (Low Power Wireless Area Network): lower than 1 GHz, used in Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Weightless
    • UNB (Ultra-narrow Band systems): transmit signal in a small amount of spectrum, suitable for small amounts of data
    • Spread spectrum: technique to decrease interference and increase security
    • LoRaWAN: based on LoRa protocol from Semtech, uses spread spectrum
    • Sigfox: named for the company that owns it, used in narrowband
    • Weightless: consists of three protocols, works on 2.4 GHz
    • Extended coverage: IoT-optimized GSM network, deployed with software upgrade
    • Narrow band Internet of Things (NB-IoT or LTE-M2): designed for lower power consumption, increased system capacity, spectrum efficiency, and range
    • LTE-M: LTE chips built for IoT, higher throughput and lower battery life than NB-IoT

    5G

    • Enables: eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), ULR (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication), and mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications)

    IoT Devices

    • Customer edge device: receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices, provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions
    • Mobile edge computer: servers that reduce transmission cost and provide fast interactive response in computation of off-loading resources
    • Centralized IoT platform: powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases
    • C-PEC (Customer Premises Edge Compute): computing devices installed on the customer's premises adjacent to their sensors, LAN, or IoT devices
    • CSP-PEC (Communications Service Provider Premises Edge Compute)

    IoT Runtime Environment

    • IRE (IoT Runtime Environment): provides additional functionality beyond container management level that enables remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints
    • Device management: encompasses areas of initial device configuration and on-going management
    • Secure Runtime Environment: component that represents a comprehensive collection of tools that reduce the attack space through measures such as identity access management (IAM), secure boot, device attestation, TPMs, and trusted execution environments (TEEs)

    NodeJS and Node-RED

    • NodeJS: JavaScript for servers
    • Node-RED: built on NodeJS, flow-based development tool meant for IoT

    Protocol Adapter and Information Broker

    • Protocol adapter: protocol specific module enabling transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format
    • Information broker: on-board storage module that allows storage of recently received data from sensors or from the cloud or other modules

    Rules Engine and Use Case Specific

    • Rules Engine: module to route incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules
    • Use case specific: module produced by a developer to perform a specialist function

    Management and Security

    • Management and Security: module that allows registration of the IoT device to the system and manages modules and configuration, handles security features

    Information Provider and Consumer

    • Information provider: collects data from its own sensor deployments and wants to make this available to others under appropriate terms and conditions
    • Information consumer: wants to join the data revolution and build a new application that draws on multiple disparate sources of data, wants to identify relevant data, obtain permission to use it, and integrate it into their own development

    HyperCat and DCAT

    • HyperCat: specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies, uses JSON and URI
    • DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary): W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues, specifies a resource description framework (RDF)

    Interoperability

    • Three main aspects of interoperability: discovery, access control, and usage
    • Discovery: identify which aggregators contain information of interest and find specific data sets
    • Access control: facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access to their data
    • Data access: reduce technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information in shared interest

    Sensor Data and Metadata

    • Sensor data: measurement or query of data, initial value required for metadata to be gathered
    • Metadata: set of data that describes and presents information about other data
    • Dataset: key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor

    Information Classes in BT Datahub

    • Sensor data: values (generally numeric), each with a time and an optional location
    • Journeys: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
    • Geographical features: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
    • Situations: includes an aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation

    Batch and Stream Processing

    • Batch processing: process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them at a later time
    • Stream processing: process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window

    Operations on Streaming Data

    • Five main operations performed on streaming data: compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, and visualization
    • Compression: set of operations that can be done on the data to reduce occupied space for storing and/or required bandwidth for transmitting
    • Dimensionality reduction: set of techniques that reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration
    • Summarization: process of transforming the data in order to provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration
    • Learning and mining: learning refers to methods that automate model building from recorded data, mining involves using models to extract insights and understand large datasets
    • Visualization: methods that transform the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer

    Stream Data Processing Systems

    • Two main types of stream data processing systems: first type based on existing relational database principles, second type more suitable for streaming data
    • Flink: a second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling
    • Lambda architecture: supports both stream and batch functionalities, provides both accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results
    • Kappa architecture: the batch layer is not present, and all data are processed exclusively as streams

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    IoT notes.docx

    Description

    Quiz on the three waves of Internet of Things (IoT), including hardware breakthroughs, sensor development, and data management. Also covers the IoT ecosystem and its stakeholders.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser