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Ion Channels in Electrical Signaling
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Ion Channels in Electrical Signaling

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

  • To produce neurotransmitters for other cells
  • To provide structural support to the nervous system
  • To transmit information throughout the nervous system (correct)
  • To regulate blood flow to the brain

    • What is the term for the gap between the terminal end of one neuron and the beginning of another?

  • Synapse (correct)
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Axon Hillock
  • Dendrite

    • What is the term for the part of the neuron that carries electrical signals away from the cell body?

  • Dendrite
  • Axon (correct)
  • Soma
  • Terminal Button

    • What is the term for the process by which an electrical signal is transmitted from one neuron to another?

    <p>Neurotransmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the voltage difference across the neuronal membrane during rest?

    <p>Resting Membrane Potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ion channels that open and close rapidly to change the membrane potential?

    <p>Voltage-Gated Ion Channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cells that provide support and maintenance functions for neurons?

    <p>Glial Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the electrical gradient is generated in a neuron?

    <p>Asymmetrical Ion Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Voltage-gated channels in generating an action potential?

    <p>To open and close according to the membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a hyperpolarizing current on the generation of an action potential?

    <p>It makes the inside of the cell less positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels located in a myelinated axon?

    <p>In the nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myelin in an axon?

    <p>To allow for the rapid transmission of action potentials down an axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a depolarizing current on the generation of an action potential?

    <p>It makes the inside of the cell more positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?

    <p>To bind to specific receptors in the postsynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ion channels in cells?

    <p>To create passageways through which ions can flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of action potentials that makes them all-or-none phenomena?

    <p>The amplitude of the action potential does not depend on the size of the triggering depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To decrease heart rate and stimulate digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glial cell forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Schwann cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the central nervous system?

    <p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microglial cells in the immune response of the nervous system?

    <p>Phagocytosing damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of neurons?

    <p>Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Controlling the action of smooth muscles, the heart, and various glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure composed of layered neurons in each hemisphere?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that the anatomical organization of the body is reflected in the cortical representation of the body?

    <p>Topography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cortex receives and integrates input from multiple sensory modalities?

    <p>Association cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of minimizing connection lengths in the brain?

    <p>Faster signaling over shorter distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organizational structure that combines short, fast, local connections with a few long-distance connections?

    <p>Small-world architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing brain size on long-distance brain connectivity?

    <p>Decreased long-distance connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do large brains maintain connectivity with increasing size?

    <p>By maintaining absolute connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of retaining some long-distance connections in the brain?

    <p>Improved communication between distant sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reduction in interconnectivity with increasing brain size?

    <p>Decreased long-distance brain connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of social behavior and bonding?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrical synapses?

    <p>To pass current directly from one neuron to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of neurotransmitter removal from the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Active reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in terms of neurotransmission?

    <p>To regulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of neurotransmitter that is involved in nociception and pain modulation?

    <p>Opioid peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synapses in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit information from one neuron to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of chemical synapses?

    <p>They release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurohypophyseal hormones?

    <p>To regulate blood pressure and osmotic balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Diffusion Tensor Imaging, what is the primary application of white matter pathway measurement?

    <p>Anatomical connectivity between brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time window for the N100 wave in Event-Related Potential analysis?

    <p>100-200 ms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) over Computed Tomography (CT) in neuroimaging?

    <p>Higher spatial resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Source localization of neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electrocorticography (ECoG)?

    <p>EEG measures surface EEG, while ECoG measures intracranial EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Event-Related Potential (ERP) analysis in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Investigating the neural correlates of cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in neuroimaging?

    <p>Measuring white matter pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Single-Cell Recording in animals?

    <p>Investigating neural correlates of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Electroencephalography (EEG)?

    <p>MEG measures magnetic fields, while EEG measures electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Electroencephalography (EEG) in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Investigating the neural correlates of cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using MEG over EEG in cognitive research?

    <p>Improved spatial resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of averaging EEG signals in ERP analysis?

    <p>To reduce noise and increase signal amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between EEG and ECoG?

    <p>EEG is non-invasive, while ECoG is invasive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of event-related potentials (ERPs) in cognitive research?

    <p>To investigate neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using EEG in cognitive research?

    <p>Greater ease of use and lower cost compared to MEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using positron emission tomography (PET) in neuroimaging?

    <p>To investigate neural activity and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using EEG in cognitive research?

    <p>Poor spatial resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using MEG in neuroimaging?

    <p>Superior spatial resolution compared to EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of electrocorticography (ECoG) in cognitive research?

    <p>To study neural activity during epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ERP and EEG?

    <p>ERP is time-locked to specific events, while EEG measures spontaneous activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major drawback of drug studies in perturbing neural function?

    <p>Lack of specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research?

    <p>To transiently alter local brain physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using genetic manipulations in neuroscientific research?

    <p>Ability to explore the consequences of the lack of expression of a specific gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

    <p>Enhancement of cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using computed tomography (CT) scans in neuroimaging?

    <p>High spatial resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of structural analysis of the brain?

    <p>To identify areas of brain damage or abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using drugs to perturb neural function?

    <p>Lack of specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in neuroscientific research?

    <p>Ability to transiently alter local brain physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of genetic manipulations in neuroscientific research?

    <p>To explore the consequences of the lack of expression of a specific gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

    <p>Enhancement of cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of subtractive procedure in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

    <p>To identify areas that show changes in metabolic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the gap between the terminal end of one neuron and the beginning of another in brain graphs?

    <p>Edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of computer models in neuroimaging research?

    <p>To simulate neural networks and generate predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) in neuroimaging research?

    <p>To bind to beta-amyloid and detect Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

    <p>To use MRI to measure changes in the oxygen content of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of positron emission tomography (PET) in neuroimaging research?

    <p>To measure metabolic activity in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of brain graphs in neuroimaging research?

    <p>To compare results from experiments using different methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of retino-topic maps in neuroimaging research?

    <p>To represent central vision more inferiorly than peripheral vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of event-related design in neuroimaging research?

    <p>To analyze the neural activity in response to specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of PET and fMRI in neuroimaging research?

    <p>They are limited by their spatial and temporal resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of retinotopic maps in the visual cortex?

    <p>They are organized by eccentricity and angular position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional difference between area V4 and area V5 in the visual cortex?

    <p>V4 is sensitive to color information, and V5 is sensitive to motion information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a flickering pinwheel stimulus in studying the visual cortex?

    <p>It allows for the study of temporal resolution limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of the visual cortex organization?

    <p>It is composed of multiple distinct regions with retinotopic maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the activation profiles of V1, hV4, and VO in response to a flickering pinwheel stimulus?

    <p>VO matches the perceptual experience, while V1 and hV4 match the actual stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the visual areas in the dorsal and ventral regions?

    <p>They are involved in processing information from different parts of the visual field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the visual areas in the visual cortex?

    <p>They have functional differences that reflect the types of computations performed by cells within the areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the visual cortex?

    <p>It allows for the study of neural activity with high spatial resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of receptive fields in a cortical module?

    <p>They vary based on input source and sensitivity to orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of plotting the preferred orientation of cells as a function of electrode location?

    <p>To visualize orientation columns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organization of cells in the visual cortex, where cells with similar receptive fields are grouped together?

    <p>Cortical module.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the polygon formed in the polar graph of a cell's responses?

    <p>It represents the cell's optimal stimulus direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells within an ocular dominance column differ from each other?

    <p>They are sensitive to different input sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the retinotopic organization of the visual cortex?

    <p>It allows for efficient processing of visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cells in the 'blobs' region of the visual cortex?

    <p>They are sensitive to color and finer details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between orientation columns and ocular dominance columns?

    <p>They are complementary and intersect to form a cortical module.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

    <p>To contain a homunculus of the body, wherein the more sensitive regions encompass relatively larger areas of cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of visual neurons in the visual cortex?

    <p>They respond only to stimuli presented in a specific region of space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mapping between spatial location and the neural representation of that dimension in the visual cortex?

    <p>Retinotopic map</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of visual cortex area is organized into a topographic map, reflecting the spatial organization of the visual field?

    <p>V1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the optic nerve?

    <p>To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specific region of space that a visual neuron responds to?

    <p>Receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following visual cortex areas is NOT organized into a topographic map?

    <p>TEO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ganglion cells in the retina?

    <p>To form the optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superior colliculus in terms of visual processing?

    <p>Spatial orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is associated with the inability to process motion?

    <p>V5 (human MT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of presenting multisensory information coincidently in time and space?

    <p>Enhanced multisensory neural response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synesthesia?

    <p>Mixing of the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of blindfolding individuals for five days?

    <p>Increased activation in the occipital cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to perceive color?

    <p>Achromatopsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is involved in processing information from multiple sensory modalities?

    <p>Superior temporal sulci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary brain region responsible for processing visual information when the target is invisible due to the mask?

    <p>V1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unilateral lesions to the visual cortex?

    <p>Subtle impairment of visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the visual perception of individuals with a smaller V1 compared to those with a larger V1?

    <p>Individuals with a smaller V1 are more susceptible to visual illusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the brain responsible for color perception that is damaged in individuals with achromatopsia?

    <p>V4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which an individual is able to perceive visual information in the absence of a visual cortex?

    <p>Blindsight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to predict the orientation of the target from fMRI data?

    <p>Pattern classifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the areas of the brain that are organized in a specific spatial arrangement to process visual information?

    <p>Retinotopic maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the brain is able to process visual information from multiple sensory modalities?

    <p>Multisensory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specific areas of the brain that are responsible for processing visual information from a specific part of the visual field?

    <p>Receptive fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major problem with the concept of 'grandmother cells' in object recognition?

    <p>It cannot account for how we recognize novel objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the problem faced by patients who can recognize objects but cannot use visual information to guide action?

    <p>Optic ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurons in the temporal lobe?

    <p>To process visual information from the fovea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between view-dependent and view-invariant recognition?

    <p>View-dependent recognition is more robust to changes in lighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of recognition that is sensitive to changes in viewpoint?

    <p>View-dependent recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of studying patients with selective lesions of the ventral pathway?

    <p>To understand the neural basis of object recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem with the concept of 'ensemble coding' in object recognition?

    <p>It cannot account for how we recognize novel objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between analytic and holistic processing in object recognition?

    <p>Holistic processing is more applicable to face recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of studying object recognition in novel objects?

    <p>It allows for the study of object constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of studying patients with category-specific deficits?

    <p>To understand the neural basis of object recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of processing involved in face perception?

    <p>Holistic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is specialized for processing information about spatial relations or classifying objects based on spatial properties?

    <p>Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of mind reading using decoding models?

    <p>It can predict the stimulus or mental state based on a physiological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain areas is involved in the processing of body parts?

    <p>Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between view-dependent and view-invariant recognition?

    <p>View-dependent recognition requires the viewer to recognize the object from a specific viewpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of analytic processing over holistic processing?

    <p>Analytic processing is more useful for object recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of category-specific deficits?

    <p>They are specific to a particular category of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using statistical pattern recognition in mind reading?

    <p>It can predict the stimulus or mental state based on a physiological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of mind reading in the future?

    <p>To communicate with people who are currently unable to speak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between encoding and decoding models in mind reading?

    <p>Encoding models predict the physiological response to a stimulus, whereas decoding models predict the stimulus or mental state based on a physiological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ventral stream, or occipitotemporal pathway?

    <p>Object perception and recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where people perceive an object as a unified whole, not as an entity separated by its color, shape, and details?

    <p>Object constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of patients with visual agnosia?

    <p>They are unable to recognize objects visually, but can recognize them through touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the dorsal and ventral streams?

    <p>The dorsal stream is specialized for spatial perception, while the ventral stream is specialized for object recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where people recognize objects despite changes in their viewpoint?

    <p>View-invariant recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of category-specific deficits?

    <p>A deficit in recognizing objects within a specific category, such as animals or tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurons in the parietal lobe?

    <p>Spatial perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of processing involved in recognizing objects as a whole?

    <p>Holistic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between holistic and analytic processing?

    <p>Holistic processing is involved in recognizing objects as a whole, while analytic processing is involved in recognizing objects as a collection of features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where people recognize faces as a whole, rather than as a collection of features?

    <p>Holistic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is object constancy in the context of object recognition?

    <p>The ability to recognize objects in various situations despite changes in the physical stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of view-invariant recognition?

    <p>Recognizing an object from multiple angles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a category-specific deficit?

    <p>Inability to recognize objects in a specific category, such as animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to recognize faces?

    <p>Prosopagnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the area in the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe that is specialized for face recognition?

    <p>Fusiform face area (FFA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the processing mode that emphasizes the component parts of an object?

    <p>Analytic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of object recognition that occurs when the collective activation of many neurons is involved?

    <p>Ensemble theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to recognize objects in various situations despite changes in the physical stimulus, and is achieved through view-invariant recognition?

    <p>Object constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the deficits of object recognition that are restricted to certain classes of objects, such as animals or vehicles?

    <p>Category-specific deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mode of processing that emphasizes the gestalt or overall shape of an object?

    <p>Holistic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the biased competition model in visual attention?

    <p>To resolve competition among multiple stimuli for representation in higher-level visual areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between reflexive and voluntary spatial attention?

    <p>Reflexive attention is exogenous, whereas voluntary attention is endogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cueing tasks in attention research?

    <p>To measure the time course of attentional shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of limited-capacity stages in attention?

    <p>They are involved in the serial processing of single stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between voluntary and reflexive attention in terms of neural basis?

    <p>Voluntary attention is associated with frontal and parietal cortex, whereas reflexive attention is associated with temporal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the saccade in attention?

    <p>To shift attention to a new location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of voluntary spatial attention?

    <p>It is driven by internal goals and is voluntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the limited-capacity stage in attention?

    <p>To filter out irrelevant sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of spatial attention in the processing of visual inputs?

    <p>It increases the neural responses to attended stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reflexive attention on early sensory processing?

    <p>It enhances the processing of all stimuli, but only transiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of highly focused spatial attention on the visual system?

    <p>It modulates the activity in the subcortical relay nuclei in the thalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between reflexive and voluntary spatial attention?

    <p>Reflexive attention is automatic, while voluntary attention is controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of cueing tasks in attention research?

    <p>To study the effects of attention on perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Biased Competition Model of attention?

    <p>A model that proposes attention is a competition between multiple stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of the Limited-Capacity Stage model of attention?

    <p>It assumes that attention is limited by the processing capacity of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between voluntary spatial attention and reflexive spatial attention?

    <p>Voluntary attention is controlled, while reflexive attention is automatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ventral attention network?

    <p>Concerned with the nonspatial aspects of attention and alerting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is part of the dorsal attention network?

    <p>Inferior parietal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the network that includes the superior colliculi and the pulvinar of the thalamus?

    <p>Subcortical networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal attention network?

    <p>Concerned primarily with orienting attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is strongly lateralized to the right hemisphere?

    <p>Temporoparietal junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the system that interacts and cooperates with the dorsal attention network?

    <p>Ventral attention network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is part of the ventral attention network?

    <p>Posterior parietal cortex of the temporoparietal junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the frontoparietal cortical systems?

    <p>Directing different attentional operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inhibition of return in reflexive spatial attention?

    <p>To inhibit attention to stimuli that appear at previously attended locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attention is involved in the selective processing of object features or entire objects?

    <p>Selective attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are specialized for the perceptual processing of color, form, or motion and can be modulated during visual attention?

    <p>Extrastriate cortical regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal attention network?

    <p>To modulate attention to spatial locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon in which attention is directed to a specific location or object without conscious awareness of the cue?

    <p>Reflexive spatial attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the frontoparietal attention system?

    <p>To modulate attention to spatial locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the selective processing of stimuli that are relevant to the current task or goal?

    <p>Selective attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the biased competition model?

    <p>To selectively process stimuli based on their relevance to the current task or goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between early-selection models and late-selection models of attention?

    <p>Early-selection models propose that attention occurs early in the perceptual processing stream, while late-selection models propose that attention occurs late in the perceptual processing stream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of limited-capacity stages in perceptual processing?

    <p>To prevent overload and ensure efficient processing of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reflexive spatial attention in perceptual processing?

    <p>To automatically orient attention to a salient stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cueing tasks in the study of attention?

    <p>To manipulate the focus of attention in a controlled manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of voluntary spatial attention?

    <p>It is goal-directed and under voluntary control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Biased Competition Model of attention?

    <p>A model that proposes that attention is a competitive process between stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between covert attention and overt attention?

    <p>Overt attention involves eye movements, while covert attention does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of attention in perceptual processing?

    <p>To prevent overload and ensure efficient processing of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of memory loss in Short-Term Memory?

    <p>Decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Encoding in the memory process?

    <p>Processing of incoming information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory has a duration of minutes to hours?

    <p>Working Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Declarative and Non-Declarative Long-Term Memory?

    <p>Type of information stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of forgetting in Long-Term Memory?

    <p>Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Working Memory?

    <p>Manipulation and processing of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory has a duration of only a few seconds?

    <p>Sensory Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Short-Term and Working Memory?

    <p>Type of information stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by a limited capacity?

    <p>Short-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Long-Term Memory?

    <p>Long-term storage of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory systems in the process of memory formation?

    <p>To process and interpret sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of memory formation involves the stabilization of changes in the brain?

    <p>Consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of the ability to form new memories?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the brief, transient sensory response to stimuli?

    <p>Sensory buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of retrograde amnesia in terms of the temporal gradient?

    <p>Greatest for the most recent events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain structures is NOT directly involved in the process of memory formation?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical performance of patients with retrograde amnesia on digit span tests?

    <p>Normal short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of retrieval in the process of memory?

    <p>To access stored information and create a conscious representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amnesia is characterized by the loss of memory for events that occurred in the past?

    <p>Retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary division of long-term memory?

    <p>Episodic memory and semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hippocampal memory consolidation?

    <p>Quick consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the system composed of the hippocampus and surrounding structures?

    <p>Medial temporal lobe memory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the process of learning?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lesions to the anterior temporal cortex?

    <p>Severe retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of memory formation involves the processing and interpretation of sensory information?

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the temporal lobe outside of the hippocampus?

    <p>Loss of semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of the cellular basis of learning and memory?

    <p>Changes in the strength of synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>An increase in the strength of synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary theory of long-term memory consolidation?

    <p>Standard consolidation theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the CA3 region of the hippocampus?

    <p>Cooperativity, requiring multiple inputs to activate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary deficit associated with anomia?

    <p>The inability to find the words to label things in the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is especially critical for language production and comprehension?

    <p>Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the area in the left hemisphere known for its role in language production?

    <p>Broca's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Broca's aphasia?

    <p>Problems with speech production, syntax, and grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aphasia is associated with damage to the connection between Wernicke's and Broca's areas?

    <p>Conduction aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?

    <p>Relatively fluid speech with minimal comprehension</p>