multiplechoicequestions.docx

Language -------- \ OUTLINE ### The Anatomy of Language TAKE-HOME MESSAGES - Anomia is the inability to find the words to label things in the world. It is not a deficit of knowledge. - A left-hemisphere network involving the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes is especially critic...

Language -------- \ OUTLINE ### The Anatomy of Language TAKE-HOME MESSAGES - Anomia is the inability to find the words to label things in the world. It is not a deficit of knowledge. - A left-hemisphere network involving the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes is especially critical for language pro- duction and comprehension. - The right hemisphere does have roles in language, especially in processing the prosody of language. ### Brain Damage and Language Deficits ##### Broca's Aphasia Pars opercularis a. The preserved brain of Leborgne (Broca's patient "Tan"), which is maintained in a Paris museum. **(b)** Shading identifies the area in the left hemisphere known as Broca's area. a. Spontaneously speaking b. Repeating c. Listening for comprehension Arcuate ##### Wernicke's Aphasia ##### Conduction Aphasia ###### M ###### A Pure word deafness cept, though, is that a store (or stores) of information about words exists in the brain. Words we hear, or see signed or TAKE-HOME MESSAGES - Language disorders, generally called aphasia, can include deficits in comprehension or production of lan- guage resulting from neurological damage. - Patients with Broca's aphasia have problems with speech production, syntax, and grammar, but otherwise comprehend what is said or written fairly well. - The lesions that produce Broca's aphasia may not be limited to the classically defined Broca's area in the left inferior frontal cortex. - People with Wernicke's aphasia have severe comprehen- sion deficits but can produce relatively fluid speech; it is, however, rather meaningless. Originally linked to damage solely in Wernicke's area (the posterior superior temporal gyrus), today Wernicke's aphasia is also linked to dam- age outside the classic Wernicke's area. - Aphasia can also result from damage to the connection between Wernicke's and Broca's areas (the arcuate fas- ciculus). Conduction aphasia is the disorder that results from such damage, and people with this type of aphasia have problems producing spontaneous speech as well as repeating speech. ### The Fundamentals of Language in the Human Brain ##### Words and the Representation of Their Meaning ##### Models of the Mental Lexicon ##### Neural Substrates of the Mental Lexicon  TAKE-HOME MESSAGES - The mental lexicon is the brain's store of words and concepts. - A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has meaning. - A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference to meaning. - Semantic (meaning) relationships between words are an organizational principle of the mental lexicon. - Syntax refers to the way in which words in a particular language are organized into grammatically permitted sentences. - Grammar refers to the structural rules that govern the composition of words, phrases, and sentences in a particular natural language. - Patients with neurological damage may name an item with an incorrect but semantically-related word (e.g., "animal" for "horse"), which supports the idea that the mental lexicon contains semantic networks of related meanings clustered together. ### Language Comprehension ##### Perceptual Analyses of the Linguistic Input  ##### Spoken Input: Understanding Speech ##### Written Input: Reading Words [ ] reading is a quite recent invention (about 5,500 years old). Although speech comprehension develops without explic- TAKE-HOME MESSAGES - There are no pauses between phonemes in speech that correspond to words. - The prosody of speech is the rhythm and the pitch of the speaker's voice. - Sound comprehension involves the superior temporal cortex. People with damage to this area have pure word deafness. - Distinguishing speech from nonspeech sounds occurs in the mid-portion of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), but no lexical-semantic information is processed in this area. - Spoken-word recognition processing proceeds anteriorly in the superior temporal gyrus (STG): Phoneme process- ing appears localized to the left mid-STG, integration R --3 0 3 6 9 12 15 Time (s) \ TAKE-HOME MESSAGES - Written-word processing takes place in occipitotemporal regions of the left hemisphere. Damage to this area can cause pure alexia, a condition in which patients cannot read words, even though other aspects of language are normal. - Occipitotemporal regions of the left hemisphere may be specialized for the identification of orthographic units.