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Invertebrate Zoology: Classification and Diversity

Invertebrate Zoology: Classification and Diversity

Explore the classification of invertebrate animals, including Metazoa, Porifera, and Placozoa. Understand zoological principles and learn to disseminate information effectively. Learn to construct invertebrate phylogenies and differentiate between invertebrates and vertebrates.

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Invertebrate Zoology: Classification and Diversity

Quiz • 27 Questions

Invertebrate Zoology: Classification and Diversity - Flashcards

Flashcards • 30 Cards

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14 min • Summary

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List of Questions27 questions
  1. Question 1
    • It establishes strict boundaries for each invertebrate group, allowing for precise categorization with minimal overlap.
    • It simplifies the evolutionary history of invertebrates, clearly outlining the relationships between different species and genera.
    • It allows for the easy identification of new invertebrate species, since there are few readily identifiable themes.
    • It provides a basic framework for understanding various invertebrate groups, but requires consideration of variations within the theme to accurately specify individual species.
  2. Question 2
    • To establish evolutionary relationships based on traits that are unique to those groups, suggesting a common evolutionary history.
    • To create a more comprehensive classification system that encompasses all possible variations within invertebrate species.
    • To simplify complex evolutionary relationships and reduce the number of branches in the cladogram.
    • To ensure that groups are united based on shared ancestral traits rather than derived characteristics.
  3. Question 3
    • Synapomorphies are used for molecular data only, and symplesiomorphies are used for morphological data only.
    • A synapomorphy is a shared derived character, while a symplesiomorphy is a shared ancestral trait; distinguishing them prevents the creation of paraphyletic taxa.
    • A synapomorphy always indicates a monophyletic group, but a symplesiomorphy indicates a polyphyletic group.
    • A synapomorphy is a shared ancestral trait, while a symplesiomorphy is a shared derived character; both are equally useful in cladistics.
  4. Question 4
    • Paraphyletic taxa accurately represent evolutionary relationships by including all descendants of a common ancestor.
    • Paraphyletic taxa are only relevant in the classification of extinct species and have no impact on modern invertebrate taxonomic studies.
    • Paraphyletic taxa lead to a misunderstanding of evolutionary relationships by excluding some descendants of a common ancestor; uniting crustaceans and chelicerates based solely on "jointed appendages" without including tracheates.
    • Paraphyletic taxa are synonymous with monophyletic taxa and can be used interchangeably in cladistic analysis.
  5. Question 5
    • Systematists choose the tree that includes the most species, as this provides a more comprehensive overview of invertebrate diversity.
    • Systematists choose the tree with the most branches, assuming that complex evolutionary pathways are more likely.
    • Systematists choose the tree with the fewest branches, assuming that the simplest explanation is the most likely.
    • Systematists choose the tree that assumes the most character changes, reflecting the dynamic nature of evolution.
  6. Question 6
    • By examining additional species outside the group of immediate interest to determine whether a character is ancestral or derived.
    • By identifying characters that are unique to the ingroup, regardless of their presence in the outgroup.
    • By focusing solely on molecular data, which is less susceptible to the complexities of morphological character analysis.
    • By assuming that all characters found within the ingroup are apomorphies, regardless of their presence in related taxa.
  7. Question 7
    • Cell specialization decreases overall efficiency because cells become reliant on each other.
    • Cell specialization is only important for structural support and has no impact on metabolic processes.
    • Cell specialization enhances efficiency by dividing labor among cells, but necessitates interdependence for essential materials and functions.
    • Cell specialization allows cells to become completely self-sufficient, reducing the need for intercellular communication.
  8. Question 8
    • A larger S:V ratio always allows for more efficient exchange, regardless of the organism's size.
    • The S:V ratio has no impact on exchange efficiency as long as the organism has sufficient metabolic activity.
    • As size increases, S:V decreases, potentially limiting exchange; adaptations include folded surfaces, specialized transport systems, and flattened or elongated body shapes.
    • Metazoans have not developed any specific adaptations to address S:V limitations, as diffusion is always sufficient for substance exchange.
  9. Question 9
    • A circulatory system is only necessary for organisms with exoskeletons and plays no role in body size.
    • A circulatory system relies on diffusion and is not related to body size increases.
    • A circulatory system facilitates rapid metabolite transport, overcoming the limitations of diffusion over longer distances and enabling larger body sizes.
    • A circulatory system inhibits the evolution of complex body shapes in metazoans.
  10. Question 10
    • Larger animals always consume proportionally more energy per unit of mass than smaller animals.
    • Smaller animals consume more power per unit time than larger animals.
    • Mass-specific power consumption decreases with increasing body size, indicating that larger animals have a mass-specific discount in power consumption.
    • Metabolic rate decreases with body size which explains why bigger animals consume less energy.
  11. Question 11
    • Heterochrony is only applicable to plant species because plant species' traits resemble ancestral traits.
    • Heterochrony is a change in the rate or timing of developmental events; it allows for radical evolutionary change with pedomorphosis resulting in larval traits in adults, and peramorphosis resulting in traits extended beyond the ancestral form.
    • Heterochrony permits only modest evolutionary change.
    • Heterochrony relates to geographical isolation of a species.
  12. Question 12
    • The colonial theory states that Metazoa is derived from a colony of flagellated protozoa whereas the syncytial theory proposes that metazoans evolved from a multinucleate but unicellular plasmodium. Recent studies give more support to the colonial theory.
    • The colonial and syncytial theories are not contradictory and both accurately explain the evolutionary origins of metazoans.
    • The colonial theory suggests metazoans evolved from a multinucleate protist, while the syncytial theory proposes they evolved from a colony of cells.
    • The colonial theory applies only to diploblastic animals, while the syncytial theory applies only to triploblastic animals.
  13. Question 13
    • The surface cells of protometazoan may not have closely adjoined/been in contact with each other, faciliating intercellular communication.
    • The protometazoan was unable to orient itself towards a resource by means of a polarized locomotory system.
    • The surface cells of protometazoan probably closely adjoined/were in contact with each other, thus facilitating intercellular communication and providing a regulatory barrier and the body was polarized along the anterior-posterior axis.
    • The protometazoan's body was not polarized along the anterior-posterior axis.
  14. Question 14
    • The surface cells of the protomotazoan being in direct contact with gases did little to the specialization.
    • If a cell had the function of motility along a polar axis, that would impede the specialization of different cell positions.
    • Motility did not actually contribute to cell specialization in protometazoans.
    • If growing cells are on the outside, this would have resulted in overgrowth of locomotory cells, which would interfere with locomotion (the internalization of growth cells thus prevents the distortion of the body).
  15. Question 15
    • Sponges have little control on the rate of the water.
    • Sponges evolved a multicellular body uniquely specialized for filter feeding by separating suspended food particles from water and water current is produced by the activity of choanocyte flagella.
    • Sponges' the water that enter has a variable volume to the water that exits.
    • Sponges constrict their water activity by preventing water entering or stopping activity.
  16. Question 16
    • Asconoid's limited body size has nothing to do with volume increase.
    • Each sponge design has the same body size: there is no different in structural complexity.
    • In Leuconid design, the choanocyte increases pumping activity of the choanoderm (increasing the area), allowing sponge to grow in size.
    • Leuconoid design allowed sponges to achieve the largest body sizes because this design vastly increases the area of flagellated choanoderm while minimizing the water volume that must be moved.
  17. Question 17
    • The mesohyl is the only layer of sponge body wall that typically is not bathed with environmental water, making it the only internal compartment of the body and contains various cells for their respective function.
    • The mesohyl is not important in the sponge.
    • The mesohyl does not contribute to the overall function because it is only bathed with incoming water.
    • The mesohyl's differentiated and undifferentiated cells are not in the gel-like matrix.
  18. Question 18
    • Sponges do no undergo budding and fragmentation.
    • Sponges do NOT reproduce when there is a decrease in temperature because it results in a reduction in availability of food but the means of their reproduction are fragmentation, budding, and by the formation of overwintering propagules called gemmules.
    • Sponges do not clonally reproduce.
    • Sponges can reproduce more effectively during the warmth.
  19. Question 19
    • When fertilization happens in aquiferous system, sponges are selective.
    • Fertilization happens without the recognition of the sperm
    • Fertilization happens via normal biological mechanism because sperm has acrosomes that help fertilization.
    • Sponges fertilize by phagocytosis of the sperm due to sperm lacking acrosomes and the zygote formed undergoes holoblastic cleavage.
  20. Question 20
    • Eumetazoa tissues and organs are uniformly distributed throughout the body .
    • Parazoa has distinct tissue.
    • Porifera belong to Eumetazoa.
    • Parazoa are the sister taxon that contains true animals but Eumetazoa did have key characteristics that are not seen in Parazoans (irritability, sense of direction, and the capture and ingestion of prey).
  21. Question 21
    • Division of labor does not promote homeostasis.
    • Each body component, once regulated, can adopt one or more specialized functions, allowing for the evolution of evermore complex bodies and the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
    • Each body component is not regulated and allowed animals only to be in the sea.
    • Division of labor slows down homeostasis and its process.
  22. Question 22
    • Rigid skeletal frameworks, in conjunction with specialized muscles and ligaments, provide leverage for the precise application of large forces by certain appendages and the rapid, but less forceful movements of others.
    • A change of shape can result with having both bone and soft tissue.
    • The muscles have no effect in function and movement.
    • There is no advantage of this.
  23. Question 23
    • Smooth muscle generally contracts slowly, but develops tension over a wide range of stretch lengths (excursion) and obliquely striated muscle is intermediate in performance between smooth and cross-striated muscle.
    • Smooth, cross-striated, and striated muscles have no different functions.
    • Smooth muscle is associated with appendages that move quickly over a fixed distance, such as swimming or the trapping of jaws.
    • Smooth muscle contracts rapidly, but develops tension over a limited excursion.
  24. Question 24
    • Aquatic animals use striated muscles for movement.
    • Larger animals in aquatic environments rely on cilia for movement because ciliary motion will be more efficient.
    • Both aquatic and non-aquatic animals depend on ciliary motion.
    • Larger animals propelled by the contraction of a musculature, which occupies a volume in the body because ciliary motion will be both insufficient and inefficient.
  25. Question 25
    • Of all the sensory organs expressed by invertebrates, the most conspicuous are the eyes. Before the eyes fully evolved, photoreceptors are considered to have been the structures important for detecting visual information.
    • Visual information is not conveyed.
    • In rhabdomeric photoreceptors, the photosensitive surface is derived from the membrane of a cilium.
    • The animal is unable to determine the direction of light with pigment cups.
  26. Question 26
    • During ingression, cells of the vegetal hemisphere fold inward into the interior to form the endoderm and archenteron, leaving the ectoderm on the outside
    • The three common forms of gastrulation are during invagination, gastrulation by epiboly, and during ingression
    • Medium-sized eggs are seen in during ingression.
    • Gastulation by epiboly is not common.
  27. Question 27
    • Modular growth happens if the juvenile grows by a general increase in body size.
    • Modular growth of colonial organism is allometric.
    • If the juvenile enlarges only slightly and then replicates itself by clonal budding in modular and growth and the body is established at the close of the developmental period.
    • Solitary animals are sessile animals and attached organisms.
List of Flashcards30 flashcards
  1. Card 1
    HintThink of creatures without a spine.Memory TipIn-vertebrates = No vertebrae.
  2. Card 2
    HintMulti-celled animal organization.Memory TipMeta = Many, zoa=animals
  3. Card 3
    HintAnalysis uniting membersMemory TipCladistics establish evolutionary relationships.
  4. Card 4
    HintHistory shown by the cladogramMemory TipRepresents evolutionary family tree.
  5. Card 5
    HintEvolutionary tree shows this.Memory TipA branching diagram like an animal family tree
  6. Card 6
    HintGroup of animals.Memory TipLike different branches of a tree
  7. Card 7
    HintUnique character.Memory TipSyn- shared, apo- unique.
  8. Card 8
    Hintancestor uniquenessMemory TipAuto- self, singles ancestral novelty out.
  9. Card 9
    Hintgroup including ancestorMemory TipMono- one, family tree.
  10. Card 10
    HintIncluding more than oneMemory TipPoly- many, mistake!
  11. Card 11
    Hintsimilarity due inheritanceMemory TipHomo- same, genetic ancestry.
  12. Card 12
    HintSame superficial looksMemory Tiparises like bird wings
  13. Card 13
    HintFewest character changesMemory Tipsimplest is best.
  14. Card 14
    HintCharacter seen only in each species alone descriptionMemory TipUnique character is the species validity.
  15. Card 15
    HintExtension of cladistic analysisMemory TipComparison done to determine character polarity.
  16. Card 16
    HintMulti-celled animal definition.Memory TipMeta = many, zoa = animals
  17. Card 17
    HintCells that are groupedMemory TipSpecialized group of cells.
  18. Card 18
    HintEpi- and Con- tissue typeMemory TipCovering inside and supporting outside.
  19. Card 19
    HintSheet of protection cellsMemory TipEpi protect outside body
  20. Card 20
    Hintprotects from harmMemory TipSupports animal body
  21. Card 21
    Hintexternal support.Memory TipRigid protection by sclerotization or mineralization.
  22. Card 22
    HintWhat internalMemory TipInternal frame or cartilage.
  23. Card 23
    HintReproducing without sex.Memory TipCloning, spliting, dividing.
  24. Card 24
    HintHaploid + HaploidMemory TipSperm with egg.
  25. Card 25
    HintZygote divisionsMemory TipSplitting of one cell.
  26. Card 26
    Hintcomplete cleavageMemory TipThe whole egg
  27. Card 27
    HintIncomplete cleavage that membranes.Memory TipDividing regions of the egg.
  28. Card 28
    HintTwo-layered structureMemory TipFrom blastula to gastrula.
  29. Card 29
    Hintwhat the significance?Memory TipAvoids competition.
  30. Card 30
    HintInvolves larva stageMemory TipAquatic invertebrates benthic, or live in the bottom of the aquatic

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